We show here that IL-17-secreting CD4 T (Th)17 and CD8 T (Tc)17 effector cells are found in the lung following primary challenge with influenza A and that blocking Ab to IL-17 increases weight loss ...and reduces survival. Tc17 effectors can be generated in vitro using naive CD8 T cells from OT-I TCR-transgenic mice. T cell numbers expand 20-fold and a majority secretes IL-17, but little IFN-
γ
. Many of the IL-17-secreting cells also secrete TNF and some secrete IL-2. Tc17 are negative for granzyme B, perforin message, and cytolytic activity, in contrast to Tc1 effectors. Tc17 populations express message for orphan nuclear receptor
γ
t and FoxP3, but are negative for T-bet and GATA-3 transcription factors. The FoxP3-positive, IL-17-secreting and IFN-
γ
-secreting cells represent three separate populations. The IFN-
γ
-, granzyme B-, FoxP3-positive cells and cells positive for IL-22 come mainly from memory cells and decrease in number when generated from CD44
low
rather than unselected CD8 T cells. Cells of this unique subset of CD8 effector T cells expand greatly after transfer to naive recipients following challenge and can protect them against lethal influenza infection. Tc17 protection is accompanied by greater neutrophil influx into the lung than in Tc1-injected mice, and the protection afforded by Tc17 effectors is less perforin but more IFN-
γ
dependent, implying that different mechanisms are involved.
IBM's brain-inspired processor is a massively parallel neural network inference engine containing 1 million spiking neurons and 256 million low-precision synapses. Now, after a decade of fundamental ...research spanning neuroscience, architecture, chips, systems, software, and algorithms, IBM has delivered the largest neurosynaptic computer ever built.
The Deep Neural Network (DNN) era was ushered in by the triad of algorithms, big data, and more powerful hardware processors for training large-scale neural networks. Now, the ubiquitous deployment ...of DNNs for neural inference in edge, embedded, and data center applications demands more power-efficient hardware processors, while attaining increasingly higher computational performance. To address this Inference Challenge, we developed the NorthPole Architecture and implemented a NorthPole Chip instantiation 1, 2.
Lynx is a concept under study for prioritization in the 2020 Astrophysics Decadal Survey. Providing orders of magnitude increase in sensitivity over Chandra, Lynx will examine the first black holes ...and their galaxies, map the large-scale structure and galactic halos, and shed new light on the environments of young stars and their planetary systems. In order to meet the Lynx science goals, the telescope consists of a high-angular resolution optical assembly complemented by an instrument suite that may include a High Definition X-ray Imager, X-ray Microcalorimeter and an X-ray Grating Spectrometer. The telescope is integrated onto the spacecraft to form a comprehensive observatory concept. Progress on the formulation of the Lynx telescope and observatory configuration is reported in this paper.
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