This systematic review aims to understand the problems associated with lockdown and the various conditions of Covid-19 infection and to help prepare athletes and exercise enthusiasts for the safe ...resumption of sport in a manner that promotes wellness, healthy competition, and a sports industry that survives the current situation. This systematic review was carried out, following the recommendations of the currently pre-established reporting elements for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The following databases were consulted: ISI Web of Science (WOS), Scopus and Google Scholar. This review includes a total of 19 articles.
The results are presented based on three predominant themes: (1) psychological impact produced by SARS-CoV-2; (2) post-Covid-19 cardiac abnormalities and (3) protocols for an adequate return to physical practice.
Most of the protocols shown by the various papers are consistent in terms of duration and number of phases. Based on this, the safe return to practice protocol can be divided into four stages of seven days in each phase in order to progress according to the symptoms perceived. In each phase, the physiological demand and efforts necessary to cover the proposed activities are increased until optimal physical condition is recovered.
Cette revue systématique vise à comprendre les problèmes associés au confinement et aux diverses conditions d’infection au Covid-19 et à aider à préparer les athlètes et les amateurs d’exercice à la reprise du sport en toute sécurité d’une manière qui favorise le bien-être, une compétition saine et une industrie du sport qui survit à la situation actuelle. Cette revue systématique a été réalisée en suivant les recommandations des éléments de notification actuellement préétablis pour les revues systématiques et les méta-analyses. Les bases de données suivantes ont été consultées : ISI Web of Science (WOS), Scopus et Google Scholar. Cette revue comprend un total de 19 articles.
Les résultats sont présentés selon trois thèmes prédominants : (1) impact psychologique produit par le SARS-CoV-2 ; (2) anomalies cardiaques post-Covid-19 et (3) protocoles pour un retour adéquat à la pratique physique.
La plupart des protocoles présentés par les différents papiers sont cohérents en termes de durée et de nombre de phases. Sur cette base, le protocole de retour à la pratique en toute sécurité peut être divisé en quatre étapes de sept jours chacune afin de progresser selon les symptômes perçus. Dans chaque phase, la demande physiologique et les efforts nécessaires pour couvrir les activités proposées sont augmentés jusqu’à ce que la condition physique optimale soit retrouvée.
Aim
Plant materials used in the food industry contain up to five times more aromas bound to glucose (glucosides) than free, unbound aromas, making these bound aromas an unused flavouring potential. ...The aim of this study was to identify and purify a novel β‐glucosidase from Brettanomyces yeasts that are capable of releasing bound aromas present in various food products.
Methods and Results
We screened 428 different yeast strains for β‐glucosidase activity and are the first to sequence the whole genome of two Brettanomyces yeasts (Brettanomyces anomalus and Brettanomyces bruxellensis) with exceptionally high β‐glucosidase activity. Heterologous expression and purification of the identified B. anomalus β‐glucosidase showed that it has an optimal activity at a higher pH (5·75) and lower temperature (37°C) than commercial β‐glucosidases. Adding this B. anomalus β‐glucosidase to cherry beers and forest fruit milks resulted in increased amounts of benzyl alcohol, eugenol, linalool and methyl salicylate compared to Aspergillus niger and Almond glucosidase.
Conclusions
The newly identified B. anomalus β‐glucosidase offers new possibilities for food bioflavouring.
Significance and Impact of the Study
This study is the first to sequence the B. anomalus genome and to identify the β‐glucosidase‐encoding genes of two Brettanomyces species, and reports a new bioflavouring enzyme.
A generalized Schnakenberg reaction-diffusion system with source and loss terms and a spatially dependent coefficient of the nonlinear term is studied both numerically and analytically in two spatial ...dimensions. The system has been proposed as a model of hair initiation in the epidermal cells of plant roots. Specifically the model captures the kinetics of a small G-protein ROP, which can occur in active and inactive forms, and whose activation is believed to be mediated by a gradient of the plant hormone auxin. Here the model is made more realistic with the inclusion of a transverse coordinate. Localized stripe-like solutions of active ROP occur for high enough total auxin concentration and lie on a complex bifurcation diagram of single- and multipulse solutions. Transverse stability computations, confirmed by numerical simulation show that, apart from a boundary stripe, these one-dimensional (1D) solutions typically undergo a transverse instability into spots. The spots so formed typically drift and undergo secondary instabilities such as spot replication. A novel two-dimensional (2D) numerical continuation analysis is performed that shows that the various stable hybrid spot-like states can coexist. The parameter values studied lead to a natural, singularly perturbed, so-called semistrong interaction regime. This scaling enables an analytical explanation of the initial instability by describing the dispersion relation of a certain nonlocal eigenvalue problem. The analytical results are found to agree favorably with the numerics. Possible biological implications of the results are discussed.
Stevia is a currently well-known plant thanks to the presence of steviol glycosides, which are considered as sweeteners obtained from a natural source. In this research, a method based on LC–MS/MS by ...using a triple quadrupole detector was developed for quantitation of 8 steviol glycosides in extracts from Stevia leaves. The ionization and fragmentation parameters for selected reaction monitoring were optimized. Detection and quantitation limits ranging from 0.1 to 0.5ng/mL and from 0.5 to 1ng/mL, respectively, were achieved: the lowest attained so far. The steviol glycosides were quantified in extracts from leaves of seven varieties of Stevia cultivated in laboratory, greenhouse and field. Plants cultivated in field presented higher concentration of steviol glycosides than those cultivated in greenhouse. Thus, the way of cultivation clearly influences the concentration of these compounds. The inclusion of branches together with leaves as raw material was also evaluated, showing that this inclusion modifies, either positively or negatively, the concentration of steviol glycosides.
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•A method for absolute quantitation of steviol glycosides is proposed.•The compounds are quantified in extracts from Stevia leaves.•The influence of cultivation conditions on Stevia is evaluated.•The use of branches+leaves as raw material is also evaluated.
Abstract
The diverse functions of WASP, the deficiency of which causes Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS), remain poorly defined. We generated three isogenic WAS models using patient induced pluripotent ...stem cells and genome editing. These models recapitulated WAS phenotypes and revealed that WASP deficiency causes an upregulation of numerous RNA splicing factors and widespread altered splicing. Loss of WASP binding to splicing factor gene promoters frequently leads to aberrant epigenetic activation. WASP interacts with dozens of nuclear speckle constituents and constrains SRSF2 mobility. Using an optogenetic system, we showed that WASP forms phase-separated condensates that encompasses SRSF2, nascent RNA and active Pol II. The role of WASP in gene body condensates is corroborated by ChIPseq and RIPseq. Together our data reveal that WASP is a nexus regulator of RNA splicing that controls the transcription of splicing factors epigenetically and the dynamics of the splicing machinery through liquid-liquid phase separation.
Power quality improvement and Power quality disturbance (PQD) detection are two significant concerns that must be addressed to ensure an efficient power distribution within the utility grid. When the ...process to analyze PQD is migrated to real-time platforms, the possible occurrence of a phase mismatch can affect the algorithm’s accuracy; this paper evaluates phase shifting as an additional stage in signal acquisition for detecting and classifying eight types of single power quality disturbances. According to their mathematical models, a set of disturbances was generated using an arbitrary waveform generator BK Precision 4064. The acquisition, detection, and classification stages were embedded into a BeagleBone Black. The detection stage was performed using multiresolution analysis. The feature vectors of the acquired signals were obtained from the combination of Shannon entropy and log-energy entropy. For classification purposes, four types of classifiers were trained: multilayer perceptron, K-nearest neighbors, probabilistic neural network, and decision tree. The results show that incorporating a phase-shifting stage as a preprocessing stage significantly improves the classification accuracy in all cases.
Numerous human disorders of the blood system would directly or indirectly benefit from therapeutic approaches that reconstitute the hematopoietic system. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), either from ...matched donors or ex vivo manipulated autologous tissues, are the most used cellular source of cell therapy for a wide range of disorders. Due to the scarcity of matched donors and the difficulty of ex vivo expansion of HSCs, there is a growing interest in harnessing the potential of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) as a de novo source of HSCs. PSCs make an ideal source of cells for regenerative medicine in general and for treating blood disorders in particular because they could expand indefinitely in culture and differentiate to any cell type in the body. However, advancement in deriving functional HSCs from PSCs has been slow. This is partly due to an incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying normal hematopoiesis. In this review, we discuss the latest efforts to generate human PSC (hPSC)-derived HSCs capable of long-term engraftment. We review the regulation of the key transcription factors (TFs) in hematopoiesis and hematopoietic differentiation, the Homeobox (HOX) and GATA genes, and the interplay between them and microRNAs. We also propose that precise control of these master regulators during the course of hematopoietic differentiation is key to achieving functional hPSC-derived HSCs.
Neural progenitors (NP), found in fetal and adult brain, differentiate into neurons potentially able to be used in cell replacement therapies. This approach however, raises technical and ethical ...problems which limit their potential therapeutic use. Alternately, NPs can be obtained by transdifferentiation of non-neural somatic cells evading these difficulties. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are suggested to transdifferentiate into NP-like cells, which however, have a low proliferation capacity. The present study demonstrates the requisite of cell adhesion for proliferation and survival of NP-like cells and re-evaluates some neuronal features after differentiation by standard procedures. Mature neuronal markers, though, were not detected by these procedures. A chemical differentiation approach was used in this study to convert MSCs-derived NP-like cells into neurons by using a cocktail of six molecules, CHIR99021, I-BET151, RepSox, DbcAMP, forskolin and Y-27632, defined after screening combinations of 22 small molecules. Direct transdifferentiation of MSCs into neuronal cells was obtained with the small molecule cocktail, without requiring the NP-like intermediate stage.
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers can affect the lipid profile and signaling of cells and thereby alter their function. A total of 5,700 bovine oocytes were used in a structured series of ...experiments to test the effects of CLA cis-9,trans-11 and CLA trans-10,cis-12 in vitro. In experiment 1, high doses of each CLA isomer during in vitro maturation (IVM) were compared with high or low doses during the entire in vitro culture (IVC) of parthenogenetic embryos. High doses of the CLA isomers ranged from 50 to 200μM and low doses were 15 and 25μM. In experiment 2, the low doses of each CLA isomer were tested during IVM/IVC on embryos produced by in vitro fertilization (IVF). Experiment 3 compared the effects of 15μM doses of each CLA isomer during IVM or IVC of IVF embryos. In experiment 4, post-rewarming survival rates and blastomere counts were assessed for embryos supplemented with each CLA isomer during IVM or for 36h before vitrification. In experiment 1, when either CLA isomer was provided only during IVM, we observed no effects on overall rates of maturation, cleavage, or blastocysts (92.2±1.6%, 78.3±4.1%, and 28.9±5.1%, respectively). However, high doses of each CLA isomer, but not low doses, during the entire embryo culture period decreased blastocyst rates (5–20%) in a dose-dependent manner. Cleavage rates improved with 15 or 50μM CLA trans-10,cis-12. Progesterone concentrations in maturation media were significantly increased by high doses of each CLA isomer compared with control, but low doses of CLA isomers had no effect. In experiment 2 with IVF embryos, low doses of each CLA isomer did not alter cleavage rates (average 84.9±1.9%) and only 25μM CLA trans-10,cis-12 during IVC reduced blastocyst rates below those of controls (25.5±2.1 vs. 38.2±2.3%). The lipid content of embryos was increased and relative expression of the BIRC5 (baculoviral IAP repeat containing 5) gene was depressed by CLA trans-10,cis-12. In experiment 3, low doses (15μM) of each CLA isomer during IVC significantly reduced blastocyst rates (20.6±2.4% and 27.7±1.2% vs. 34.18±1.2% for CLA trans-10,cis-12 and CLA cis-9,trans-11 compared with control, respectively) with less effect of each CLA during IVM. In experiment 4, adding 100μM CLA cis-9,trans-11 during the final 36h of culture resulted in a high survival rate after rewarming and culture, and the higher embryo blastomere count was comparable to that of control embryos not undergoing vitrification. In conclusion, supplementation with either CLA isomer did not improve embryo production, but inclusion of CLA cis-9,trans-11 before vitrification improved the quality of bovine IVF embryos after rewarming and culture.
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