Nitrogen‐coordinated metal single atoms in carbon have aroused extensive interest recently and have been growing as an active research frontier in a wide range of key renewable energy reactions and ...devices. Herein, a step‐by‐step self‐assembly strategy is developed to allocate nickel (Ni) and iron (Fe) single atoms respectively on the inner and outer walls of graphene hollow nanospheres (GHSs), realizing separate‐sided different single‐atom functionalization of hollow graphene. The Ni or Fe single atom is demonstrated to be coordinated with four N atoms via the formation of a Ni‐N4 or Fe‐N4 planar configuration. The developed Ni‐N4/GHSs/Fe‐N4 Janus material exhibits excellent bifunctional electrocatalytic performance, in which the outer Fe‐N4 clusters dominantly contribute to high activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), while the inner Ni‐N4 clusters are responsible for excellent activity toward the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Density functional theory calculations demonstrate the structures and reactivities of Fe‐N4 and Ni‐N4 for the ORR and OER. The Ni‐N4/GHSs/Fe‐N4 endows a rechargeable Zn–air battery with excellent energy efficiency and cycling stability as an air‐cathode, outperforming that of the benchmark Pt/C+RuO2 air‐cathode. The current work paves a new avenue for precise control of single‐atom sites on carbon surface for the high‐performance and selective electrocatalysts.
Separate‐sided Ni‐N4 and Fe‐N4 single‐atomic functionalization of hollow graphene spheres (Ni‐N4/GHSs/Fe‐N4) is realized. The outer Fe‐N4 clusters dominantly contribute to high activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), while the inner Ni‐N4 clusters are responsible for excellent activity toward the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The Ni‐N4/GHSs/Fe‐N4 air‐cathode delivers excellent energy efficiency and cycling stability in rechargeable Zn–air batteries.
Photosynthesis is one of the biological processes most sensitive to heat stress in plants. Carbon assimilation, which depends on ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), is one of ...the major sites sensitive to heat stress in photosynthesis. In this study, the roles of a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) chloroplast-targeted DnaJ protein (SlCDJ2) in resisting heat using sense and antisense transgenic tomatoes were examined. SlCDJ2 was found to be uniformly distributed in the thylakoids and stroma of the chloroplasts. Under heat stress, sense plants exhibited higher chlorophyll contents and fresh weights, and lower accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and membrane damage. Moreover, Rubisco activity, Rubisco large subunit (RbcL) content, and CO₂ assimilation capacity were all higher in sense plants and lower in antisense plants compared with wild-type plants. Thus, SlCDJ2 contributes to maintenance of CO₂ assimilation capacity mainly by protecting Rubisco activity under heat stress. SlCDJ2 probably achieves this by keeping the levels of proteolytic enzymes low, which prevents accelerated degradation of Rubisco under heat stress. Furthermore, a chloroplast heat-shock protein 70 was identified as a binding partner of SlCDJ2 in yeast two-hybrid assays. Taken together, these findings establish a role for SlCDJ2 in maintaining Rubisco activity in plants under heat stress.
Purpose
The purpose of this research was to explore the correlation and prognostic significance of FAM83A and programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) protein expression in patients with lung ...adenocarcinoma (LUAD).
Methods
A total of 130 LUAD specimens and 50 normal lung tissue specimens were analyzed for both FAM83A and PD-L1 expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis. The effect of FAM83A on PD-L1 and ERK pathway was evaluated by RT-PCR and western blot in vitro.
Results
Both FAM83A and PD-L1 were upregulated in patients with LUAD and co-expression of them was significantly associated with tumor stage, metastasis and worse survival in LUAD. Multivariate cox regression analysis revealed that co-expression of FAM83A and PD-L1 was an independent prognostic factor impacting survival. Moreover, experiments in vitro showed FAM83A could promote the expression of PD-L1 through the ERK pathway.
Conclusion
FAM83A and PD-L1 may be potential therapeutic targets for LUAD. Co-expression of FAM83A and PD-L1 in tumor cells was a credible biomarker predictor for worse survival in resected cases. FAM83A may promote the expression of PD-L1 through ERK signaling pathway, thus causing immune escape of tumor.
With the prohibition of antibiotics in feed, plant functional substances have been widely studied as feed additives. Resveratrol, a natural stilbene, and a non-flavonoid polyphenol found in plants, ...possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic regulatory features. Resveratrol generated intense scientific and public interest, primarily due to its widely reported ability to prevent cancer, delay aging and alleviate related metabolic diseases. Recently, resveratrol has been studied and applied as a feed additive in animal production. This review focuses on the outline of the absorption and metabolism and biological functions of resveratrol and summarizes the application of dietary resveratrol in animal production up to the present, including pigs, poultry, and ruminants. In pigs, dietary resveratrol improved intestinal health, mitochondrial function, meat quality, and more. In poultry, studies have shown that dietary resveratrol improves growth performance and meat and egg quality and alleviates heat stress induced adverse effects. There are few studies on dietary resveratrol in ruminants; however previous studies have indicated that dietary resveratrol increases nutrient digestibility and reduces methane emissions in sheep. It is hoped that this review could provide a specific theoretical basis and research ideas for the research and application of resveratrol.
Aims
Soil deficiencies with respect to the availability of macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium seriously affect the growth, yield, and grain quality of maize (
Zea mays
L.). To ...improve the utilization efficiency of mineral elements in maize, we wanted to find the key genes that regulate the growth of maize roots under nutrient-deficient conditions.
Methods
Maize plants were subjected to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium deficiency stress and their roots were collected and analyzed using transcriptome sequencing. GO and KEGG analyses of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were performed, and qPCR was used to verify the reliability of the transcriptome data.
Results
When maize was subjected to any of the three nutrient-deficiencies mentioned in
Methods
, the growth and root vitality of its roots were inhibited. 1255, 1082, and 324 genes specifically expressed when the maize was subjected to N, P, and K deficiencies, respectively, and all three treatments shared 575 DEGs. Genes that are associated with nutrient utilization, hormones, and transcription factors differentially expressed under different types of nutrient-deficiency stress. We speculated that
MRP2
,
bZIP77
, and
bZIP53
play a positive regulatory role in maize root growth in an environment suffering from nutrient deficiencies.
Conclusions
The molecular mechanism by which maize root growth responds to nutrient stress is complicated.
NPF7.3
,
GlpT4
,
HAK24
, and
HAK5
,
MRP2
,
bZIP77
, and
bZIP53
can be used as candidates’ genes that regulate maize root growth under nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium deficiency stress.
Summary
The geophysical well logging analysis is a major task of petroleum research and development, where petroleum oil (gas), transition petroleum layers, water layers, and dry‐layer segments are ...precisely distinguished from each other. The resistivity of the particular oil and gas layers in developing countries is below or close to the water layers. As electrical properties show, the particular oil and gas layer of water layers is not legitimately recognizable. The features of oil and gas strata and their strong components are different in the investigative field from those of different petroleum fields. In this way, various techniques and thoughts ought to be utilized to comprehend the particular issues in the examination zone. A nuclear analysis–based segregation model for distinguishing the properties of repository liquids is worked by utilizing the crude pipeline and distilled unit of oil (gas) layers, transitional oil water layers, water layers, and dry layers using dynamic nonlinear fuzzy clustering model. With directly complex transformation models, reservoir fluids can be separated. The outcomes are analyzed with various model, and the proposed method shows promising outcomes.
The geophysical well log analysis is a major task of petroleum research and development, where petroleum oil (gas), transition petroleum layers, water layers, and dry‐layer segments are precisely distinguished from each other. A nuclear analysis–based segregation model for distinguishing the properties of repository liquids is worked by utilizing the crude pipeline and distilled unit of oil (gas) layers, transitional oil‐water layers, water layers, and dry layers using dynamic nonlinear fuzzy clustering model (DNFCM). Further, in order to verify the application results, we put this way into the trial production and check the research data.
bHLH family proteins play an important role in plant stress response. However, the molecular mechanism regulating the salt response of bHLH is largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the ...function and regulating mechanism of the sweet sorghum
SbbHLH85
during salt stress. The results showed that
SbbHLH85
was different from its homologs in other species. Also, it was a new atypical bHLH transcription factor and a key gene for root development in sweet sorghum. The overexpression of
SbbHLH85
resulted in significantly increased number and length of root hairs via ABA and auxin signaling pathways, increasing the absorption of Na
+
. Thus,
SbbHLH85
plays a negative regulatory role in the salt tolerance of sorghum. We identified a potential interaction partner of SbbHLH85, which was phosphate transporter chaperone PHF1 and modulated the distribution of phosphate, through screening a yeast two-hybrid library. Both yeast two-hybrid and BiFC experiments confirmed the interaction between SbbHLH85 and PHF1. The overexpression of
SbbHLH85
led to a decrease in the expression of
PHF1
as well as the content of Pi. Based on these results, we suggested that the increase in the Na
+
content and the decrease in the Pi content resulted in the salt sensitivity of transgenic sorghum.
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of maternal zearalenone (ZEN) exposure on the intestine of pregnant Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and its offspring. Ninety-six pregnant SD rats ...were randomly divided into four groups and were fed with diets containing ZEN at concentrations of 0.3 mg/kg, 48.5 mg/kg, 97.6 mg/kg or 146.0 mg/kg from gestation days (GD) 1 to 7. All rats were fed with mycotoxin-free diet until their offspring were weaned at three weeks of age. The small intestinal fragments from pregnant rats at GD8, weaned dams and pups were collected and studied for toxic effects of ZEN on antioxidant status, immune response, expression of junction proteins, and morphology. The results showed that ZEN induced oxidative stress, affected the villous structure and reduced the expression of junction proteins claudin-4, occludin and connexin43 (Cx43) in a dose-dependent manner in pregnant rats. Different effects on the expression of cytokines were also observed both in mRNA and protein levels in these pregnant groups. Ingestion of high levels of ZEN caused irreversible damage in weaned dams, such as oxidative stress, decreased villi hight and low expression of junction proteins and cytokines. Decreased expression of jejunal interleukin-8 (IL-8) and increased expression of gastrointestinal glutathione peroxidase (GPx2) mRNA were detected in weaned offspring, indicating long-term damage caused by maternal ZEN. We also found that the Nrf2 expression both in mRNA and protein levels were up-regulated in the ZEN-treated groups of pregnant dams and the high-dose of ZEN group of weaned dams. The data indicate that modulation of Nrf2-mediated pathway is one of mechanism via which ZEN affects gut wall antioxidant and inflammatory responses.
DnaJ proteins, which are molecular chaperones that are widely present in plants, can respond to various environmental stresses. At present, the function of DnaJ proteins was studied in many plant ...species, but only a few studies were conducted in tomato. Here, we examined the functions of a novel tomato (
) DnaJ protein (SlDnaJ20) in heat tolerance using sense and antisense transgenic tomatoes. Transient conversion assays of
protoplasts showed that SlDnaJ20 was targeted to chloroplasts. Expression analysis showed that
expression was induced by chilling, NaCl, polyethylene glycol, and H₂O₂, especially via heat stress. Under heat stress, sense plants showed higher fresh weights, chlorophyll content, fluorescence (Fv/Fm), and D1 protein levels, and a lower accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) than antisense plants. These results suggest that
overexpression can reduce the photoinhibition of photosystem II (PSII) by relieving ROS accumulation. Moreover, higher expression levels of
and
were observed under heat stress in sense plants, indicating that
overexpression contributes to
expression. The yeast two-hybrid system proved that SlDnaJ20 can interact with the chloroplast heat-shock protein 70. Our results indicate that
overexpression enhances the thermotolerance of transgenic tomatoes, whereas suppression of
increases the heat sensitivity of transgenic tomatoes.
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•An extensive product distribution is firstly examined in decarbonylation of HMF.•The H2 source was determined to be the hydroxymethyl dehydrogenation.•The elimination path of CH2OH ...is sequential dehydrogenation and decarbonylation.•The reactivity of the main intermediates was separately investigated.•A comprehensive reaction pathway for HMF decarbonylation is proposed.
An extensive product distribution is firstly examined in the process of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) decarbonylation over Pd-based catalysts and some interesting results are obtained. The main side reactions are due to the high activity of the furan ring-branched hydroxymethyl, which could go through hydrogenolysis, dehydrogenation and etherification. The H2 source was carefully explored and determined to be the hydroxymethyl dehydrogenation. The reactivity of the main intermediates was separately investigated and their evolution pathway was obtained. Noticeably, it is demonstrated that the elimination of the furanic ring-branched hydroxymethyl (in HMF or furfuryl alcohol) is completed by sequential dehydrogenation and decarbonylation via the intermediate of aldehyde (2, 5-diformylfuran or furfural). A comprehensive reaction pathway for HMF decarbonylation is proposed, which is significant for designing highly selective decarbonylation catalysts.
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