Fertility and mortality decline are major drivers of Iran’s population aging. A rapid and sharp fall in fertility rates over the past three decades as well as a substantial rise in life expectancy ...are causing rapid aging of Iran’s population. The present paper uses the 2015 United Nations Population Division data to discuss the trends, determinants and the implications of population aging in Iran. According to the medium fertility variant, people age 60 and older will represent 31% (almost 29 million people) of Iran’s population by 2050. The population age 65 and older is projected to be 22% (more than 20 million) and that of aged 80 and older 3.8% (around 3.5 million) in 2050, that are almost four-times higher than the corresponding figures in 2015. Data on the speed of population aging show that Iran is the second fastest aging country in the world in terms of the percentage point increase in the population age 60 and over between 2015 and 2050; Iran is second only to South Korea, by less than .01%. The rapid population aging of Iran has significant implications for all societal institutions and decision makers that have to be addressed by the Iranian society. Gender-related issues and socio-economic security in old age are two key issues resulting from such a fast population aging. As with many rapidly aging populations, Iran needs a strategy for social and economic supports for an aging population that will not promote views of aging people as a burden.
Covid-19 had major socio-economic impacts on the populations and societies of Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. Government reactions depended on their public health ...institutions/infrastructures, official ideologies and understanding of the situation, as well as wars/conflicts and sanctions. To counter the impact of the pandemic, countries adopted a combination of cash payments to the poor, furlough schemes and financial support to employers. But public health services in most countries have been poorly resourced to cope with the pandemic. Considering that most countries are characterized by inequality in the distribution of income/wealth, entitlement and access to health services and social protection, states need to reorientate public expenditure towards public health and the reduction of inequality.
Declining fertility and rising life expectancy combined with migration are changing the demographic landscape of the MENA. Earlier high fertility will ensure a growing population in the next 20-30 ...years. Family structure is also changing: families are becoming smaller and increasingly nuclear, rather than extended. The region has to manage a young age structure and a gradual ageing of the population but with a potential weakening of the traditional inter-generational support based on family, it also faces a widely varying and heterogeneous resource base and socio-economic structure across the different countries. To maintain and improve inter-generational support within family and society in the MENA countries with large populations (such as Iran and Egypt) the most important challenges are poverty and vulnerability, unemployment, and development of long-term plans for an ageing population. These are inter-connected objectives since reducing poverty and increasing current employment could provide individuals and families with some resources to save and accumulate for old age. States in the region should put redistributive social policies in the areas of health, education and housing at the heart of a strategy of supporting family budgets and resources to assist them in their inter-generational care, but should also set up care and pension schemes to provide societal intergenerational support.
Critically assesses the development and effects of social policy in Iran, locating this with the social and political movements which have struggled for social justice: the main focus is on social ...issues such as income distribution, health and education. The period covered includes the Constitutional Revolution and the beginnings of a social policy under Reza Shah, and through the various later regimes to the post-1979 Revolution period. Conclusion is that there has been a remarkable continuity in social policy development through the period.
This article reviews the recent literature on existing mechanisms that allow for the portability of social security entitlements for migrant workers and finds that North–North migrants have the best ...access to portability. There is limited coordination between origin and destination countries regarding the portability of social entitlements of South–North migrants. These migrants are dealing with discourses and policies that treat them as second class citizens, even as they are providing much‐needed labour to their host countries. South–South migrants are seeing new regional mechanisms addressing portability. However, many of the impacts of these mechanisms are not yet known. Other knowledge gaps on portability relate to internal and South–South migration, the role of gender and other social identities, migrants’ occupations as well as their legal immigration status.
Quel est le degré de transférabilité des droits des travailleurs migrants en matière de sécurité sociale? Une analyse bibliographique
Cet article passe en revue les études récentes sur les mécanismes existants qui permettent la transférabilité des droits des travailleurs migrants en matière de sécurité sociale. Il montre que les migrants Nord‐Nord sont ceux qui bénéficient du meilleur accès à la transférabilité de leurs droits. En ce qui concerne les migrants Sud‐Nord, la coordination entre pays d'origine et pays d'accueil est limitée dans le domaine de la transférabilité de leurs droits sociaux. Ces migrants font face à des discours et des politiques qui les traitent comme des citoyens de second rang, alors même qu'ils fournissent aux pays d'accueil une main d’œuvre dont ils grand besoin. Quant aux migrants Sud‐Sud, ils voient émerger de nouveaux mécanismes régionaux qui tiennent compte de la transférabilité de leurs droits, mais l'impact de ces mécanismes est encore largement méconnu. Le déficit de connaissances sur la transférabilité des droits des migrants en matière de sécurité sociale concerne également les migrations internes et les migrations Sud‐Sud, le rôle du genre et des autres éléments constitutifs de l'identité sociale, la nature des emplois occupés par les migrants, ainsi que les spécificités de leur statut juridique au regard de l'immigration.
¿Cuán transferible es la seguridad social de los trabajadores migrantes? Repaso bibliográfico
Este artículo pasa revista a la bibliografía reciente sobre los mecanismos existentes que permiten la transferencia de los derechos a prestaciones de seguridad social de los trabajadores migrantes y revela que los migrantes de Norte a Norte tienen un mayor acceso a prestaciones transferibles. La coordinación entre los países de origen y de destino es limitada en el caso de la transferencia de las prestaciones sociales de los migrantes de Sur a Norte. Estos migrantes se topan con discursos y políticas que los tratan como ciudadanos de segunda categoría, incluso si ofrecen una mano de obra muy necesaria en los países de acogida. Los migrantes de Sur a Sur observan la aparición de nuevos mecanismos regionales que tienen en cuenta la transferencia de las prestaciones. Sin embargo, aún se desconocen muchos de los efectos de estos mecanismos. Otros aspectos de la transferencia de prestaciones que se desconocen tienen que ver con las migraciones internas y la cooperación de Sur a Sur, el papel del género y de otras identidades sociales, las profesiones de los migrantes, así como su situación migratoria a los ojos de la ley.
Wie übertragbar ist die soziale Sicherheit für Wanderarbeitnehmer? Eine Übersicht über die Fachliteratur
Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick über neuere Fachliteratur über bestehende Mechanismen, die eine Übertragbarkeit von Ansprüchen der sozialen Sicherheit für Wanderarbeitnehmer ermöglichen, und kommt zum Schluss, dass Nord‐Nord‐Migranten den besten Zugang zu Übertragbarkeit haben. Die Koordinierung zwischen Herkunfts‐ und Gastländern in Bezug auf Übertragbarkeit von Ansprüchen der sozialen Sicherheit von Süd‐Nord‐Migranten ist begrenzt. Solche Migranten haben es mit Verlautbarungen und Maßnahmen zu tun, die sie als zweitklassige Bürger behandeln, obwohl sie bitter benötigte Arbeitskräfte für ihre Gastländer bereitstellen. Für Süd‐Süd‐Migranten gibt es neue regionale Übertragbarkeitsmechanismen. Viele der Wirkungen solcher Mechanismen sind jedoch noch unbekannt. Weitere Wissenslücken beziehen sich auf interne und Süd‐Süd‐Migration, die Rolle der Geschlechter und anderer sozialer Identitäten, die Berufe der Migranten sowie deren rechtlichen Immigrationsstatus.
Насколъко широки возможности переноса прав на социалъное обеспечение для трудящихся‐мигрантов? Обзор литературы
В статъе дан обзор последних публикаций, касающихся механизмов переноса прав на социалъное обеспечение трудящихся‐мигрантов, и сделан вывод о том, что у мигрантов с Севера на Север степенъ портативности прав выше, в то время как у мигрантов с Юга на Север возможности переноса прав на социалъные пособия ограничены вследствие недостаточной координации между страной происхождения и страной трудоустройства. Эти мигранты сталкиваются с дискурсом и политикой, которые делают их гражданами «второго сорта», несмотря на то, что они восполняют острую нехватку рабочих рук в принимающих странах. Для мигрантов с Юга на Юг появляются новые регионалъные механизмы обеспечения переноса прав. Тем не менее, многие последствия применения данных механизмов пока неясны. Недостаточно знаний о переносе прав применителъно к внутренней миграции и миграции с Юга на Юг, роли гендерной и иной социалъной идентичности, профессионалъной принадлежности мигрантов и их правовому иммиграционному статусу.
移民工人社会保障便携性如何？文献述评
本文评论关于现存机制允许移民工人享有社会保障权利便携性的近期文献，并且发现”北北”移民拥有最好的渠道享受（社保）便携性。对于”南北”移民社保权利便携性，来源国和目的地国之间进行的协调十分有限。这些移民正在对付被当作二等公民的话语和政策，即使他们正在为东道国提供急需的劳动力。”南南”移民正目睹解决便携性的新区域机制。然而，这些机制的许多影响目前尚不清楚。关于便携性的其他知识差距涉及国内和南南移民、性别和其他社会身份的作用、移民的职业及其合法移民身份。
إلى أي مدى يمكن نقل مستحقات الضمان الاجتماعي للعمال المهاجرين؟ مراجعة للأدبيّأت
يستعرض هذا التقرير مراجعة للأدبيات الأخيرة بشأن الآليات القائمة التي تسمح بنقل مستحقات الضمان الاجتماعي للعمال المهاجرين ويخلص إلى أن المهاجرين من الشمال إلى الشمال هم في الوضع الأفضل للاستفادة من نقل المستحقّات. هناك تنسيق محدود بين البلدان الأصلية للمهاجرين والبلدان التي يقصدونها بشأن إمكانية نقل المستحقات الاجتماعية للمهاجرين من الجنوب إلى الشمال. يتعامل هؤلاء المهاجرون مع الخطابات والسياسات التي تنظر إليهم على أنهم مواطنون من الدرجة الثانية حتى وإن كانوا هم الذين يقدمون اليد العاملة التي تكون البلدان المضيفة في أمس الحاجة إليها. ويشهد المهاجرون من الجنوب إلى الجنوب آليات إقليمية جديدة تتناول موضوع البحث أي إمكانية نقل مستحقات الضمان الاجتماعي. ولكن العديد من الآثار المترتبة على هذه الآليات غير معروفة بعد. هناك فجوات معرفية أخرى بشأن إمكانية نقل المستحقات متصلة بالهجرة الداخلية من الجنوب إلى الجنوب، ودور نوع الجنس والهويّات الاجتماعية الأخرى، ومهن المهاجرين بالإضافة إلى قانونية وضعهم كمهاجرين.
Qual é a portabilidade da seguridade social para os trabalhadores migrantes? Uma análise de publicações relevantes
O artigo analisa publicações recentes sobre os mecanismos existentes que possibilitam a portabilidade dos direitos à seguridade social para os trabalhadores migrantes e constata que os migrantes Norte‐Norte têm o melhor acesso à portabilidade. Há uma coordenação limitada entre países de origem e destino com relação à portabilidade dos direitos sociais dos migrantes Sul‐Norte. Estes migrantes enfrentam discursos e políticas que os tratam como cidadãos de segunda classe, mesmo que estejam provendo mão de obra extremamente necessária nos países de acolhimento. Os migrantes Sul‐Sul estão presenciando novos mecanismos regionais que tratam da portabilidade. Contudo, muitos dos impactos desses mecanismos ainda não são conhecidos. Outras lacunas do conhecimento sobre a portabilidade referem‐se à migração interna e Sul‐Sul, ao papel do gênero e outras identidades sociais, ocupações dos migrantes, assim como sua situação legal de imigração.
The first generation of post-World War Two (WWII) migrants to Western Europe have joined the ranks of the European elderly. Typically, they have accumulated limited assets because of lower paid ...employment and earned limited rights within public pension schemes that in most European countries relate pensions to years of residence or contribution. in some respect they share the problems of those of the European-born population, mainly women, who started work late, have interrupted work histories, or have low life-time earnings. This paper argues that changing the rules for those sections of the European Union (EU) population who are reliant on public pensions will help to reduce the risk of poverty in old age among some of the most underprivileged sections of the EU elderly population. Among these policies are: delinking length of residency from pension rights or giving credit for the years that a person lived outside the country, financial support to those who are short of contribution years, allowing people to take their pension abroad without a penalty, and improving the rights and entitlement of the surviving spouse (usually women).
The age structure in many developing countries is changing—the population is ageing. There is increasing concern over the social and economic costs of caring for this ageing population, and the ...capacity of the state to finance the expected rising social expenditure has come to dominate the debate on the economics of population ageing. In this context the elderly are considered primarily as consumers and ‘dependent’ on the working population. Following the Keynesian and post‐Keynesian literature, this article argues that such a view of the elderly is incorrect, for several reasons. Firstly, empirical evidence shows that the aged do not consume (relative to their income) more than the rest of the population. Secondly, the issue of ‘dependency’ of the aged should be put in the broader context of the dependency of the unemployed and under‐employed in a market economy. Thirdly, the focus of the debate should move away from consumption and towards production; and finally, since the old make claims on the national output on the basis of their accumulated assets, savings and pensions, the distributional issues (with regard to assets as well as incomes) have to be an integral part of any pension system in order to alleviate poverty among the elderly.
Author examines the particular effects of the financial crisis on the systems of social welfare within Europe. He identifies clear signs of a recommodification of welfare and the erosion of 'long ...cherished principles of reducing inequality, building and consolidating solidarity through a progressive social policy'. He highlights the particular threat to the 'solidarity model of asymmetrical mutuality' represented by destructive processes of austerity and the limited and contradictory ambitions of the Europe 2020 programme.
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