On 15 January 2022, at around 04:00 UTC, the submarine volcano Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai explosively erupted. We examine data from 10 Pacific Ocean geomagnetic observatories and process the data ...using both high pass filters and cross‐wavelet analyses to enable evaluating the time‐frequency characteristics of the magnetic signals across the Pacific region. At the Western Samoa observatory (API), magnetic signals of 3–8 min period, and visible in both vertical and horizontal fields, arrived at ∼04:44 UTC. The observatories at Chichijima Island (CBI) and Easter Island (IPM) both had local magnetic signatures concurrent with the eruption's water wave arrival and period ranges from, respectively, 13–93 and 5–100+ min. At CBI and IPM, the magnetic signal may be due to both the eruption's tsunami water wave and atmospheric/ionospheric sources. Our results suggest that the magnetic signatures from the eruption are identifiable and may be further separated in future studies.
Plain Language Summary
On 15 January 2022, at around 04:00 UTC, the submarine volcano Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai erupted in a violent explosion. Previous studies have identified magnetic signals from earthquake‐created tsunamis, however, no such studies have identified marine magnetic signals from eruption‐created tsunamis. Identifying magnetic signals from different aspects of a submarine eruption can lead to a better understanding of the eruption's mechanisms, as well as potentially improve warning systems for the tsunami created by the eruption. Toward this aim, we examine data from 10 Pacific Ocean geomagnetic observatories. We processed the data using mathematical methods that enable examining the different wave components of the timeseries. We find magnetic signals likely caused by the eruption at three different Pacific island observatories (API‐ Western Samoa, CBI‐ Chichijima Island, and IPM‐ Easter Island).
Key Points
Magnetic signals of 3–8 min period, and visible in both horizontal and vertical field components, arrived at Western Samoa (API)
Both Chichijima Island (CBI) and Easter Island (IPM) had local magnetic signatures concurrent with the eruption's water wave arrival
The magnetic signals at CBI and IPM may be due to both the eruption's tsunami water wave and atmospheric/ionospheric waves
Calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signalling plays a critical role not only in the immune and nervous systems, but also in cardiovascular development and pathological endothelial ...cell activation during angiogenesis or inflammation. Studies in NFAT-null mice demonstrated that there is high redundancy between functions of the different NFAT family members. Deletion of only one NFAT causes mild phenotypes, but compound deletions of multiple NFAT family members leads to severe abnormalities in multiple organ systems. Genome-wide transcription analysis revealed that many NFAT target genes are related to cell growth and inflammation, whereas the gene most strongly induced by NFAT in endothelial cells is an auto-inhibitory molecule, Down syndrome critical region (DSCR)-1. The NFAT-DSCR-1 signalling axis may vary depending on the cell-type or signal dosage level under the microenvironment. In the endothelium, stable expression of the DSCR-1 short isoform attenuates septic inflammatory shock, tumour growth and tumour metastasis to lung. Moreover, dysfunction of DSCR-1 and the NFAT priming kinase, DYRK1A, prevents NFAT nuclear occupancy. This change in NFAT nuclear localization is responsible for many of the features of Down syndrome. Thus, fine-tuning of the NFAT-DSCR-1 negative feedback loop may enable therapeutic manipulation in vasculopathic diseases.
Trajectories of Change in Psychotherapy Owen, Jesse; Adelson, Jill; Budge, Stephanie ...
Journal of clinical psychology,
09/2015, Volume:
71, Issue:
9
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Objective
The current study used multilevel growth mixture modeling to ascertain groups of patients who had similar trajectories in their psychological functioning over the course of short‐term ...treatment.
Method
A total of 10,854 clients completed a measure of psychological functioning before each session. Psychological functioning was measured by the Behavioral Health Measure, which is an index of well‐being, symptoms, and life‐functioning. Clients who attended 5 to 25 sessions at 46 different university/college counseling centers and one community mental health center were included in this study. Client diagnoses and the specific treatment approaches were not known.
Results
A 3‐class solution was a good fit to the data. Clients in classes 1 and 3 had moderate severity in their initial psychological functioning scores, and clients in class 2 had more distressed psychological functioning scores. The trajectory for clients in class 1 was typified by early initial change, followed by a plateau, and then another gain in psychological functioning later in treatment. The trajectory for clients in class 2 demonstrated an initial decrease in functioning, followed by a rapid increase, and then a plateau. Last, the clients in class 3 had a steady increase of psychological functioning, in a more linear manner.
Conclusion
The trajectories of change for clients are diverse, and they can ebb and flow more than traditional dose‐effect and good‐enough level models may suggest.
Abstract
Background
It is unclear how cricoid pressure affects tracheal intubation with the Pentax-AWS Airwayscope
®
(AWS). We conducted a prospective randomized clinical trial in anaesthetized ...patients.
Methods
Sixty patients were allocated to either the cricoid pressure (CP) group (
n
=30) or the sham group (
n
=30). We compared the two groups with regard to intubation time, number of attempts required for insertion of the Intlock blade (disposable blade of the AWS) and tracheal intubation, percentage of glottic opening (POGO) score, and subjective difficulty of both laryngoscopy and passage of a tube through the glottis.
Results
Intubation time was significantly longer in the CP group (
median
45
IQR
40–59 s) than in the sham group (3228–45 s) (
P
=0.003, 95% CI for median difference 5–24 s). The number required for insertion of the Intlock blade did not differ between the groups (
P
=0.08), but the number for tracheal intubation was significantly higher in the CP group (1 attempt in 14 patients, 2 in 7, 3 in 9) than in the sham group (1 attempt in 24 patients, 2 in 6;
P
=0.002). POGO score did not differ significantly between the groups (
P
=0.60), nor did the subjective difficulty of laryngoscopy (
P
=0.06). The visual analogue scale score for passage of a tube through the glottis was significantly higher in the CP group than in the sham group
(P
<0.001).
Conclusions
Cricoid pressure impedes tracheal intubation using the AWS, and is associated with longer intubation time, which can be attributed to increased difficulty in the passage of a tube through the glottis.
Clinical Trial registry number
UMIN000018209.
Sintering inhibition mechanism of Pt in Pt/ceria-based oxide catalyst under oxidizing condition at high temperature was studied by several analysis techniques. Pt in a Pt/ceria-based oxide catalyst ...did not sinter after aging treatment at 800 °C in air, but did sinter in a Pt/Al
2O
3 catalyst. Using X-ray absorption analysis, we found that the Pt
O
Ce bond (i.e., the Pt-oxide–support interaction) acted as an anchor and inhibited the sintering of Pt particles on ceria-based oxide. As a result of further systematic investigation on various Pt catalysts, clearly there was an excellent correlation between the strength of the Pt-oxide–support interaction and the electron density of oxygen in the support oxide. The sintering inhibition effect on Pt can be controlled by the electron density of oxygen in the support through the Pt-oxide–support interaction.
Abstract
Magnetic reconnection is a universal process in space, astrophysical, and laboratory plasmas. It alters magnetic field topology and results in energy release to the plasma. Here we report ...the experimental results of a pure electron outflow in magnetic reconnection, which is not accompanied with ion flows. By controlling an applied magnetic field in a laser produced plasma, we have constructed an experiment that magnetizes the electrons but not the ions. This allows us to isolate the electron dynamics from the ions. Collective Thomson scattering measurements reveal the electron Alfvénic outflow without ion outflow. The resultant plasmoid and whistler waves are observed with the magnetic induction probe measurements. We observe the unique features of electron-scale magnetic reconnection simultaneously in laser produced plasmas, including global structures, local plasma parameters, magnetic field, and waves.
Highlights • Using ERPs we examined the effects of facial color on processing of fearful faces. • Expression × color interaction was found for N170 only in the subliminal condition. • Further ...analyses revealed a simple main effect of color for the fearful face. • Facial color affects early stage of subliminal processing of facial expression.
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