Optical properties of oxidized single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have attracted much attention because of the greater luminescence quantum yield than that of pristine CNTs, showing the ...possibility of optical applications such as near-infrared single-photon emitters and bioimaging. To advance the fundamental understanding of the optical properties, we theoretically investigated the energetics and the optical transitions for complex oxygen (O) adsorption structures on (6,5) CNTs, including adsorption of two O atoms. For CNTs adsorbed by isolated O atoms, four groups of optical transition levels were obtained below E11. We also found two additional groups of optical transition levels for adsorption structures of two O atoms, whose related adsorption structures are more stable than the isolated O-adsorption structures. These results explain the multiple emission peaks and their irradiation time dependence in the photoluminescence (PL) spectra for CNTs oxidized by ultraviolet ozone, providing a possible mechanism for significant brightening of the emission whose wavelength range is ideal for biological imaging. Our results are also consistent with the PL measurements of SWCNTs oxidized by O2 molecules during single chirality separation processes. This comprehensive understanding is essential for further applications of oxidized SWCNTs.
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Summary
Previous studies have identified various factors related to masticatory performance. This study was aimed to investigate variations and impacts of factors related to masticatory performance ...among different occlusal support areas in general urban population in Japan. A total of 1875 Japanese subjects (mean age: 66·7 years) were included in the Suita study. Periodontal status was evaluated using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI). The number of functional teeth and occlusal support areas (OSA) were recorded, and the latter divided into three categories of perfect, decreased and lost OSA based on the Eichner Index. Masticatory performance was determined by means of test gummy jelly. For denture wearers, masticatory performance was measured with the dentures in place. The multiple linear regression analysis showed that, when controlling for other variables, masticatory performance was significantly associated with sex, number of functional teeth, maximum bite force and periodontal status in perfect OSA. Masticatory performance was significantly associated with number of functional teeth, maximum bite force and periodontal status in decreased OSA. In lost OSA, masticatory performance was significantly associated with maximum bite force. Maximum bite force was a factor significantly influencing masticatory performance that was common to all OSA groups. After controlling for possible confounding factors, the number of functional teeth and periodontal status were common factors in the perfect and decreased OSA groups, and only sex was significant in the perfect OSA group. These findings may help in providing dietary guidance to elderly people with tooth loss or periodontal disease.
Summary
Recently, depletion of skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) has been linked to poor prognosis in several types of cancers, but has not been investigated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma ...(ESCC). This retrospective study investigates the relationship between sarcopenia and clinical outcome in ESCC patients treated by surgical resection or definitive chemoradiation therapy (dCRT). The study was retrospectively conducted in a single academic hospital in Kumamoto, Japan, and involved 325 ESCC patients (256 surgical cases and 69 dCRT cases) treated between April 2005 and April 2011. Skeletal muscle mass was quantified by radiologic measures using standard computed tomography scans. The skeletal muscle tissue in the 325 ESCC patients was distributed as follows: mean: 47.10; median: 46.88; standard deviation (SD): 7.39; range: 31.48–71.11; interquartile range, 46.29–47.90. Skeletal muscle tissue was greater in male patients than in female patients (P < 0.0001), but was independent of other clinical and tumor features. Sarcopenia was not significantly associated with overall survival (log rank P = 0.54). Lymph node involvement significantly altered the relationship between sarcopenia and survival rate (P for interaction = 0.026). Sarcopenia significantly reduced the overall survival of patients without lymph node involvement (log rank P = 0.035), but was uncorrelated with overall survival in patients with lymph involvement (log rank, P = 0.31). The anastomosis leakage rate was significantly higher in the sarcopenia group than in the non‐sarcopenia group (P = 0.032), but other surgical complications did not significantly differ between the two groups. Sarcopenia in ESCC patients without lymph node involvement is associated with poor prognosis, indicating sarcopenia as a potential biomarker for identifying patients likely to experience an inferior outcome. Moreover, sarcopenia was associated with anastomosis leakage but no other short‐term surgical outcome.
We examine the influence of the grid aspect ratio of horizontal to vertical grid spacing on turbulence in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) in a large-eddy simulation (LES). In order to clarify and ...distinguish them from other artificial effects caused by numerical schemes, we used a fully compressible meteorological LES model with a fully explicit scheme of temporal integration. The influences are investigated with a series of sensitivity tests with parameter sweeps of spatial resolution and grid aspect ratio. We confirmed that the mixing length of the eddy viscosity and diffusion due to sub-grid-scale turbulence plays an essential role in reproducing the theoretical −5/3 slope of the energy spectrum. If we define the filter length in LES modeling based on consideration of the numerical scheme, and introduce a corrective factor for the grid aspect ratio into the mixing length, the theoretical slope of the energy spectrum can be obtained; otherwise, spurious energy piling appears at high wave numbers. We also found that the grid aspect ratio has influence on the turbulent statistics, especially the skewness of the vertical velocity near the top of the PBL, which becomes spuriously large with large aspect ratio, even if a reasonable spectrum is obtained.
There are two theories of stellar spiral arms in isolated disc galaxies that model stellar spiral arms with different longevities: quasi-stationary density wave theory, which characterizes spirals as ...rigidly rotating, long-lived patterns (i.e. steady spirals), and dynamic spiral theory, which characterizes spirals as differentially rotating, transient, recurrent patterns (i.e. dynamic spirals). In order to discriminate between these two spiral models observationally, we investigated the differences between the gas velocity patterns predicted by these two spiral models in hydrodynamic simulations. We found that the azimuthal phases of the velocity patterns relative to the gas density peaks (i.e. gaseous arms) differ between the two models, as do the gas flows; nevertheless, the velocity patterns themselves are similar for both models. Such similarity suggests that the mere existence of streaming motions does not conclusively confirm the steady spiral model. However, we found that the steady spiral model shows that the gaseous arms have radial streaming motions well inside the co-rotation radius, whereas the dynamic spiral model predicts that the gaseous arms tend to have tangential streaming motions. These differences suggest that the gas velocity patterns around spiral arms will enable distinction between the spiral theories.
We demonstrate the phase sensitive amplification of a high-order quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signal using non-degenerate parametric amplification in a periodically poled lithium niobate ...(PPLN) waveguide. The interaction between the pump, signal, and phase-conjugated idler enables us to amplify arbitrary phase components of the signal. The 16QAM signals are amplified without distortion because of the high gain linearity of the PPLN-based phase sensitive amplifier (PSA). Both the phase and amplitude noise reduction capabilities of the PSA are ensured. Phase noise cancellation is achieved by using the interaction with the phase-conjugated idler. A degraded signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is restored by using the gain difference between a phase-correlated signal-idler pair and uncorrelated excess noise. The applicability of the simultaneous amplification of multi-carrier signals and the amplification of two independent polarization signals are also confirmed with a view to realizing ultra-high spectrally efficient signal amplification.
In this paper, we present coherent optical single carrier transmission (COSC) using overlap frequency domain equalization (OFDE) for the chromatic dispersion (CD) compensation. Residual inter-symbol ...interference is suppressed by time domain equalization with small tap size. In single polarization transmission, 25-Gb/s COSC transmission with OFDE is demonstrated over 800 km to 4320 km of single-mode fiber (SMF) without optical dispersion compensation. The measured results show that the proposed configuration improves the transmission performance by setting adequate overlapped size of FFT windows and that it is suitable for long-haul optical communication systems.
Aims.
We construct the molecular mass function using the bivariate
K
-band-mass function (BMF) of the
Herschel
Reference Survey (HRS), which is a volume-limited sample that has already been widely ...studied at the entire electromagnetic spectrum.
Methods.
The molecular mass function was derived from the
K
-band and the gas mass cumulative distribution using a copula method, which is described in detail in our previous papers.
Results.
The H
2
mass is relatively strongly correlated with the
K
-band luminosity because of the tight relation between the stellar mass and the molecular gas mass within the sample with a scatter, which is likely due to those galaxies which have lost their molecular content because of environmental effects or because of a larger gas consumption due to past star formation processes. The derived H
2
MF samples the molecular mass range from ∼4 × 10
6
M
⊙
to ∼10
10
M
⊙
, and when compared with theoretical models, it agrees well with the theoretical predictions at the lower end of the mass values; whereas at masses larger than 10
10
M
⊙
, the HRS sample may miss galaxies with a large content of molecular hydrogen and the outcomes are not conclusive. The value of the local density of the molecular gas mass inferred from our analysis is ∼1.5 × 10
7
M
⊙
Mpc
−3
, and it is compared with the results at larger redshifts, confirming the lack of strong evolution for the molecular mass density between
z
= 0 and
z
= 4.
Conclusions.
This is the first molecular mass function that has been derived on a complete sample in the local Universe, which can be used as a reliable calibration at redshift
z
= 0 for models aiming to predict the evolution of the molecular mass density.
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