To limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2, an evidence-based understanding of the symptoms is critical to inform guidelines for quarantining and testing. The most common features are purported to be fever ...and a new persistent cough, although the global prevalence of these symptoms remains unclear. The aim of this systematic review is to determine the prevalence of symptoms associated with COVID-19 worldwide.
We searched PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, AMED, medRxiv and bioRxiv on 5th April 2020 for studies of adults (>16 years) with laboratory test confirmed COVID-19. No language or publication status restrictions were applied. Data were independently extracted by two review authors into standardised forms. All datapoints were independently checked by three other review authors. A random-effects model for pooling of binomial data was applied to estimate the prevalence of symptoms, subgrouping estimates by country. I2 was used to assess inter-study heterogeneity.
Of 851 unique citations, 148 articles were included which comprised 24,410 adults with confirmed COVID-19 from 9 countries. The most prevalent symptoms were fever (78% 95% CI 75%-81%; 138 studies, 21,701 patients; I2 94%), a cough (57% 95% CI 54%-60%; 138 studies, 21,682 patients; I2 94%) and fatigue (31% 95% CI 27%-35%; 78 studies, 13,385 patients; I2 95%). Overall, 19% of hospitalised patients required non-invasive ventilation (44 studies, 6,513 patients), 17% required intensive care (33 studies, 7504 patients), 9% required invasive ventilation (45 studies, 6933 patients) and 2% required extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (12 studies, 1,486 patients). The mortality rate was 7% (73 studies, 10,402 patients).
We confirm that fever and cough are the most prevalent symptoms of adults infected by SARS-CoV-2. However, there is a large proportion of infected adults which symptoms-alone do not identify.
Pulsed laser ablation in liquids (PLAL) has been developed as a robust method for producing multi-element nanoparticles such as metal alloys. This has sparked considerable interest in furthering ...our knowledge of nanoparticle formation during PLAL, with the aim of improving control over product structure and broadening the variety of compositions achievable with this approach. In this paper, we present the fabrication of magneto-plasmonic nanoparticles based on Fe
3
O
4
/Au nanocomposite utilizing an infrared nanosecond laser for laser ablation in a liquid medium. This innovative and adaptable approach enables us to create multi-element nanosystems under non-equilibrium conditions. We thoroughly characterized the Fe
3
O
4
/Au nanocomposites using a variety of techniques, including electron microscopy, elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, and ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy. The XRD results revealed a crystalline structure composed of Au NPs and Fe
3
O
4
NPs with no impurities present. Furthermore, increasing the laser energy also resulted in a red shift in the maximum exciton absorption (
λ
max
), a result of the quantum confinement effect impacting the generation of electron–hole (e–h) carriers. Furthermore, our TEM images revealed a color gradient in the spherical shape, which became more pronounced with higher laser ablation power. Subsequently, we assessed the antibacterial activity of the synthesized Fe
3
O
4
/Au nanocomposite against five distinct species of bacteria using agar plate diffusion methods. This was followed by minimum inhibition concentration determination and measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the treated bacterial pathogens. The findings of our research position identify laser-synthesized Fe
3
O
4
/Au nanocomposite structures as promising candidates for a variety of biomedical applications.
In the context of the escalating global climate crisis and the urgent need for sustainable energy solutions, this study explores the integration of wind energy as a supplementary source to solar ...photovoltaic energy in Naama, Algeria. The research utilizes a decade-long anemometric dataset, along with concurrent solar radiation data, to investigate the potential of harnessing wind energy, particularly during periods of low solar irradiance. Employing advanced statistical methods, including the Weibull distribution, the study assesses the wind power generation potential of a 2 kW/day turbine. The research highlights an average evening increase in wind speeds, which inversely correlates with the diminished solar energy production after sunset. This seasonal pattern is further substantiated by a significant negative correlation between wind speed and solar radiation for most of the year (January to May and September to December), with Pearson coefficients ranging from −0.713 to −0.524 (p < 0.05). However, the study also notes an absence of a notable correlation during the summer months (June to August) attributed to seasonal wind variations and the peak of solar irradiance. These findings confirm Naama as an ideal location for integrated renewable energy systems, thereby demonstrating the natural synergy between solar and wind energy. This synergy is particularly effective in mitigating the intermittency of solar power, thus highlighting the potential of wind energy during periods of low solar activity.
This paper examines through qualitative study the effect of government regulatory restriction and repression on non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) engaging in transnational advocacy. The focus is ...on NGO’s advocacy activities, in the realm of human rights, environment, labor and development in particular, using illustrations from Bangladesh and Zambia. It finds that next to some NGOs disbanding and moving towards service activities, many NGOs shift in terms of substantive advocacy and form of organizational collaboration. To continue cross‐border interactions with their foreign partners, many NGOs adjust to circumvent or compensate for restrictions and repression. Because of this, transnational advocacy can be said to continue, but repression and restrictions have significant substantive and organizational effects for the collaborations studied, and cross‐border NGO collaborations in our sample are increasingly fragile and their advocacy more tempered.
Our research found that most of the time, non‐governmental organization representatives themselves planned and enacted changes in their transnational collaborations as a response to pressures. Donors involved in sponsoring activities mostly accommodated these changes, and exercised flexibility.
Diabetic dyslipidemia is a significant contributor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The study aimed at comparing the effect of dapagliflozin, liraglutide, and atorvastatin alone or their ...combinations on lipids and inflammatory markers and their vascular impact in T2D rats. There were 56 male albino rats included in the study and divided into two main groups. Group A (8 rats) served as normal control. Group B (48 rats) were streptozotocin–nicotinamide‐induced diabetic rats. Subgroups (B‐1, B‐2, B‐3, B‐4, B‐5, and B‐6) received (no medications, dapagliflozin, liraglutide, atorvastatin, dapagliflozin + atorvastatin, and liraglutide + atorvastatin), respectively. Urine albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR), glycosylated hemoglobin (HBA1c), fasting serum glucose (FSG), serum low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (LDL‐C), high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (HDL‐C), TGs, lipoprotein(a) Lp (a), serum thyrotropin (TSH), highly sensitive C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs), were assessed. Qualitative and quantitative histological examination of kidneys focused on renal corpuscles. Dapagliflozin improved the studied parameters but with statistically insignificant increase in LDL‐C, Lp (a) and significant increase in UACR. Atorvastatin improved the studied parameters but with statistically insignificant increase in FSG and HbA1C. Liraglutide and the combination groups significantly improved all studied parameters. Histologically, liraglutide and atorvastatin produced therapeutic effect, while dapagliflozin depicted nephrotoxic effect. Combination groups resulted in better effects with normalization of most of renal corpuscles. There were positive correlations between LDL‐C and hs‐CRP, AGEs, TSH and mesangial expansion. Combination of atorvastatin with liraglutide can improve its vasculoprotective effect. Moreover, combination of atorvastatin with dapagliflozin can ameliorate its possible nephrotoxic effect.
Extradural spinal angiolipomas are extremely rare benign neoplasms made up of mature lipocytes with abnormal blood vessels. Spinal angiolipomas represent only 0.14-1.2% of all spinal axis tumours.
A ...case of thoracic spinal extradural angiolipoma producing acute spinal cord compression in a 35-year old housewife is presented. Patient presented with sudden onset of lower limbs paralysis and urinary incontinence for 1 month after vaginal delivery. Patient was diagnosed as dorsal spine angiolipoma which was treated surgically with excellent outcome.
Spinal angiolipomas are rare tumours but it is mandatory to include it in the differential diagnosis of the spinal extradural space occupying lesions. Pregnancy and vaginal delivery may suddenly exacerbate the condition. The best investigation to choose to diagnose these lesions is definitely magnetic resonance imaging of the spine. The aim of treatment of extradural angiolipomas of the spine is to resect the tumour in Toto surgically with no need of adjuvant therapy, surgery alone can lead to excellent outcome.
Background: Subdural hematomas are one of the commonest neurosurgical pathologies faced in practice and it is rarely located in the posterior fossa. Posterior fossa subdural hematomas are challenging ...because of the difficulty in their diagnosis and management.
Case Presentation: A case of bilateral sub-acute subdural hematoma of the posterior fossa in a 65-year-old female presented with a complaint of headache and vomiting for three weeks followed by a decreased level of consciousness two days prior to admission. The patient is a known cardiac patient on long-term anti-coagulant, her condition was intensively investigated and the diagnosis of posterior fossa subacute hematoma was reached, following which the patient was treated surgically and improved in the postoperative period.
Conclusion: Subdural hematomas located in posterior fossa are considered very rare. Most of the reported cases are due to anti-coagulant use, with minor number of cases due to trauma. Literature denoted difficulty reaching diagnosis using only computed tomography and advice to be aided by magnetic resonance imaging as in our case. In most occasions, surgical management is the best choice for the management of such a case, regardless of surgical technique, and will result in excellent outcome.
This paper aimed to look into the relationship between working capital management and industrial firms' profitability listed on the Amman Stock Exchange (ASE) from 2014 to 2020. The data incorporated ...into the yearly statements of 23 listed industrial firms have been collated to investigate the developed model. In order to examine the data, pannel data procedure employed 161 observation. The empirical findings indicate that the working capital negatively influences the profitability of industrial companies in Jordan. Existing and potential financiers and stakeholders are incentivized to purchase more shares of quick conversion cash firms. More importantly, the study's findings provide practitioners with crucial financial insights and policy consequences. The combination is an important component that has directly and indirectly affected the financial status of the firm, which will eventually be reflected in its value. Current and potential investors shall evaluate the companies' total financial position rather than focusing on minor issues, such as payment days. This study contributes to the existing literature on the relationship between WCM and profitability of emerging market, and it's one of the few studies that investigate the elements of CCC individually and aggregated.
By means of computer simulations, we investigate the segmental dynamics in the lamellar phase of a simple bead–spring model of diblock copolymers. We characterize the dynamic heterogeneity in the ...mean-squared displacements and bond reorientations. This characterization is made as a function of both the position of the monomers along the chain and the distance to the nearest interface between consecutive domains. Both characterizations of the dynamic heterogeneity reveal moderate gradients of mobility in the investigated temperature range, which qualitatively probes relaxation time scales of up to hundreds of nanoseconds. Namely, the obtained distribution of relaxation times spreads over about 1 decade. However, the extrapolation of the former analysis to lower temperatures leads to an increasing spread over several time decades. The spread mostly arises from monomers located at the immediate neighborhood of the interface. Beyond such distances the structural relaxation approaches that of the homopolymer. Thus, the observed dynamic heterogeneity is esentially an interfacial effect. It does not originate from gradients of density over the domains. Indeed such gradients are absent, and the local density within the domains is identical to that of the corresponding homopolymers.
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