Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a group of enzymes that catalyze the removal of acetyl groups from histone and nonhistone proteins. HDACs have been shown to have diverse functions in a wide range of ...biological processes. However, their roles in mammalian erythropoiesis remain to be fully defined. This study showed that, of the 11 classic HDAC family members, 6 (HDAC1, -2, -3, and HDAC5, -6, -7) are expressed in human erythroid cells, with HDAC5 most significantly upregulated during terminal erythroid differentiation. Knockdown of HDAC5 by either short hairpin RNA or small interfering RNA in human CD34+ cells followed by erythroid cell culture led to increased apoptosis, decreased chromatin condensation, and impaired enucleation of erythroblasts. Biochemical analyses revealed that HDAC5 deficiency resulted in activation of p53 in association with increased acetylation of p53. Furthermore, although acetylation of histone 4 (H4) is decreased during normal terminal erythroid differentiation, HDAC5 deficiency led to increased acetylation of H4 (K12) in late-stage erythroblasts. This increased acetylation was accompanied by decreased chromatin condensation, implying a role for H4 (K12) deacetylation in chromatin condensation. ATAC-seq and RNA sequencing analyses revealed that HDAC5 knockdown leads to increased chromatin accessibility genome-wide and global changes in gene expression. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of HDAC5 by the inhibitor LMK235 also led to increased H4 acetylation, impaired chromatin condensation, and enucleation. Taken together, our findings have uncovered previously unrecognized roles and molecular mechanisms of action for HDAC5 in human erythropoiesis. These results may provide insights into understanding the anemia associated with HDAC inhibitor treatment.
The transition of reticulocytes into erythrocytes is accompanied by extensive changes in the structure and properties of the plasma membrane. These changes include an increase in shear resistance, ...loss of surface area, and acquisition of a biconcave shape. The processes by which these changes are effected have remained largely undefined. Here we examine how the expression of 30 distinct membrane proteins and their interactions change during murine reticulocyte maturation. We show that tubulin and cytosolic actin are lost, whereas the membrane content of myosin, tropomyosin, intercellular adhesion molecule-4, glucose transporter-4, Na-K-ATPase, sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1, glycophorin A, CD47, Duffy, and Kell is reduced. The degradation of tubulin and actin is, at least in part, through the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway. In regard to the protein-protein interactions, the formation of membrane-associated spectrin tetramers from dimers is unperturbed, whereas the interactions responsible for the formation of the membrane-skeletal junctions are weaker in reticulocytes, as is the attachment of transmembrane proteins to these structures. This weakness, in part, results from the elevated phosphorylation of 4.1R in reticulocytes, which leads to a decrease in shear resistance by reducing its interaction with spectrin and actin. These observations begin to unravel the mechanistic basis of crucial changes accompanying reticulocyte maturation.
Chronic inflammation has emerged as an important pathogenic mechanism in sickle cell disease (SCD). One component of this inflammatory response is oxidant stress mediated by reactive oxygen species ...(ROS) generated by leukocytes, endothelial cells, plasma enzymes, and sickle red blood cells (RBC). Sickle RBC ROS generation has been attributed to sickle hemoglobin auto-oxidation and Fenton chemistry reactions catalyzed by denatured heme moieties bound to the RBC membrane. In this study, we demonstrate that a significant part of ROS production in sickle cells is mediated enzymatically by NADPH oxidase, which is regulated by protein kinase C, Rac GTPase, and intracellular Ca2+ signaling within the sickle RBC. Moreover, plasma from patients with SCD and isolated cytokines, such as transforming growth factor β1 and endothelin-1, enhance RBC NADPH oxidase activity and increase ROS generation. ROS-mediated damage to RBC membrane components is known to contribute to erythrocyte rigidity and fragility in SCD. Erythrocyte ROS generation, hemolysis, vaso-occlusion, and the inflammatory response to tissue damage may therefore act in a positive-feedback loop to drive the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease. These findings suggest a novel pathogenic mechanism in SCD and may offer new therapeutic targets to counteract inflammation and RBC rigidity and fragility in SCD.
•Sickle RBC ROS production is mediated in part by NADPH oxidase activity.•Sickle RBC ROS production can be induced by plasma signaling molecules.
The metabolic state of quiescent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is an important regulator of self-renewal, but it is unclear whether or how metabolic parameters contribute to HSC lineage ...specification and commitment. Here, we show that the commitment of human and murine HSCs to the erythroid lineage is dependent upon glutamine metabolism. HSCs require the ASCT2 glutamine transporter and active glutamine metabolism for erythroid specification. Blocking this pathway diverts EPO-stimulated HSCs to differentiate into myelomonocytic fates, altering in vivo HSC responses and erythroid commitment under stress conditions such as hemolytic anemia. Mechanistically, erythroid specification of HSCs requires glutamine-dependent de novo nucleotide biosynthesis. Exogenous nucleosides rescue erythroid commitment of human HSCs under conditions of limited glutamine catabolism, and glucose-stimulated nucleotide biosynthesis further enhances erythroid specification. Thus, the availability of glutamine and glucose to provide fuel for nucleotide biosynthesis regulates HSC lineage commitment under conditions of metabolic stress.
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•HSCs express high levels of the ASCT2 glutamine transporter•Erythroid commitment of HSCs requires glutamine-dependent nucleotide biosynthesis•Blocking glutaminolysis diverts EPO-stimulated HSCs to a myelomonocytic fate•EPO-stimulated changes in glucose metabolism promote erythroid specification
Metabolite availability regulates stem cell differentiation, influencing lineage decisions during periods of in vivo metabolic stress. Oburoglu et al. show that erythroid differentiation requires glucose and glutamine metabolism and that HSCs are diverted to a myelomonocytic fate under restrictive conditions.
Increased production of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) can ameliorate the severity of sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia
. BCL11A represses the genes encoding HbF and regulates human hemoglobin switching ...through variation in its expression during development
. However, the mechanisms underlying the developmental expression of BCL11A remain mysterious. Here we show that BCL11A is regulated at the level of messenger RNA (mRNA) translation during human hematopoietic development. Despite decreased BCL11A protein synthesis earlier in development, BCL11A mRNA continues to be associated with ribosomes. Through unbiased genomic and proteomic analyses, we demonstrate that the RNA-binding protein LIN28B, which is developmentally expressed in a pattern reciprocal to that of BCL11A, directly interacts with ribosomes and BCL11A mRNA. Furthermore, we show that BCL11A mRNA translation is suppressed by LIN28B through direct interactions, independently of its role in regulating let-7 microRNAs, and that BCL11A is the major target of LIN28B-mediated HbF induction. Our results reveal a previously unappreciated mechanism underlying human hemoglobin switching that illuminates new therapeutic opportunities.
Racial differences in the pathophysiology of atherothrombosis are poorly understood. We explored the function and transcriptome of platelets in healthy black (n = 70) and white (n = 84) subjects. ...Platelet aggregation and calcium mobilization induced by the PAR4 thrombin receptor were significantly greater in black subjects. Numerous differentially expressed RNAs were associated with both race and PAR4 reactivity, including PCTP (encoding phosphatidylcholine transfer protein), and platelets from black subjects expressed higher levels of PC-TP protein. PC-TP inhibition or depletion blocked PAR4- but not PAR1-mediated activation of platelets and megakaryocytic cell lines. miR-376c levels were differentially expressed by race and PAR4 reactivity and were inversely correlated with PCTP mRNA levels, PC-TP protein levels and PAR4 reactivity. miR-376c regulated the expression of PC-TP in human megakaryocytes. A disproportionately high number of microRNAs that were differentially expressed by race and PAR4 reactivity, including miR-376c, are encoded in the DLK1-DIO3 locus and were expressed at lower levels in platelets from black subjects. These results suggest that PC-TP contributes to the racial difference in PAR4-mediated platelet activation, indicate a genomic contribution to platelet function that differs by race and emphasize a need to consider the effects of race when developing anti-thrombotic drugs.
We have analyzed the fluctuations of the red blood cell membrane in both the temporal ((ω(s−1)) and spatial (q(m−1)) frequency domains. The cells were examined over a range of osmolarities leading to ...cell volumes from 50% to 170% of that in the isotonic state. The fluctuations of the isotonic cell showed an ∼q−3-dependence, indicative of a motion dominated by bending, with an inferred bending modulus of ∼9×10−19J. When the cells were osmotically swollen to just below the point of lysis (166% of physiological volume), a q−1-dependence of the fluctuations supervened, implying that the motion was now dominated by membrane tension; estimated as ∼1.3×10−4nm−1. When, on the other hand, the cells were osmotically dehydrated, the fluctuation amplitude progressively decreased. This was caused by a rise in internal viscosity, as shown by measurements on resealed ghosts containing a reduced hemoglobin concentration, which displayed no such effect. We examined, in addition, cells depleted of ATP, before the onset of echinocytosis, and could observe no change in fluctuation amplitude. We conclude that the membrane fluctuations of the red cell are governed by bending modulus, membrane tension, and cytosolic viscosity, with little or no dependence on the presence or absence of ATP.
Studies of human erythropoiesis have relied, for the most part, on the in vitro differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) from different sources. Here, we report that despite ...the common core erythroid program that exists between cord blood (CB)‐ and peripheral blood (PB)‐HSPC induced toward erythroid differentiation in vitro, significant functional differences exist. We undertook a comparative analysis of human erythropoiesis using these two different sources of HSPC. Upon in vitro erythroid differentiation, CB‐derived cells proliferated 4‐fold more than PB‐derived cells. However, CB‐derived cells exhibited a delayed kinetics of differentiation, resulting in an increased number of progenitors, notably colony‐forming unit (CFU‐E). The phenotypes of early erythroid differentiation stages also differed between the two sources with a significantly higher percentage of IL3R‐GPA‐CD34+CD36+ cells generated from PB‐ than CB‐HSPCs. This subset was found to generate both burst‐forming unit (BFU‐E) and CFU‐E colonies in colony‐forming assays. To further understand the differences between CB‐ and PB‐HSPC, cells at eight stages of erythroid differentiation were sorted from each of the two sources and their transcriptional profiles were compared. We document differences at the CD34, BFU‐E, poly‐ and orthochromatic stages. Genes exhibiting the most significant differences in expression between HSPC sources clustered into cell cycle‐ and autophagy‐related pathways. Altogether, our studies provide a qualitative and quantitative comparative analysis of human erythropoiesis, highlighting the impact of the developmental origin of HSPCs on erythroid differentiation.
The membrane skeleton plays a central role in maintaining the elasticity and stability of the erythrocyte membrane, two biophysical features critical for optimal functioning and survival of red ...cells. Many constituent proteins of the membrane skeleton are phosphorylated by various kinases, and phosphorylation of β-spectrin by casein kinase and of protein 4.1R by PKC has been documented to modulate erythrocyte membrane mechanical stability. In this study, we show that activation of endogenous PKA by cAMP decreases membrane mechanical stability and that this effect is mediated primarily by phosphorylation of dematin. Co-sedimentation assay showed that dematin facilitated interaction between spectrin and F-actin, and phosphorylation of dematin by PKA markedly diminished this activity. Quartz crystal microbalance measurement revealed that purified dematin specifically bound the tail region of the spectrin dimer in a saturable manner with a submicromolar affinity. Pulldown assay using recombinant spectrin fragments showed that dematin, but not phospho-dematin, bound to the tail region of the spectrin dimer. These findings imply that dematin contributes to the maintenance of erythrocyte membrane mechanical stability by facilitating spectrin-actin interaction and that phosphorylation of dematin by PKA can modulate these effects. In this study, we have uncovered a novel functional role for dematin in regulating erythrocyte membrane function.
Background: The role of dematin in regulating red cell membrane mechanical function is not well understood.
Results: Dematin facilitates spectrin-actin interaction, and this activity is modulated by PKA phosphorylation of dematin.
Conclusion: Dematin binds to spectrin and dynamically regulates red cell membrane mechanical function.
Significance: A novel role for dematin in regulating red cell membrane mechanical function has been unraveled.
Erythrocytes possess a spectrin-based cytoskeleton that provides elasticity and mechanical stability necessary to survive the shear forces within the microvasculature. The architecture of this ...membrane skeleton and the nature of its intermolecular contacts determine the mechanical properties of the skeleton and confer the characteristic biconcave shape of red cells. We have used cryo-electron tomography to evaluate the three-dimensional topology in intact, unexpanded membrane skeletons from mouse erythrocytes frozen in physiological buffer. The tomograms reveal a complex network of spectrin filaments converging at actin-based nodes and a gradual decrease in both the density and the thickness of the network from the center to the edge of the cell. The average contour length of spectrin filaments connecting junctional complexes is 46 ± 15 nm, indicating that the spectrin heterotetramer in the native membrane skeleton is a fraction of its fully extended length (∼190 nm). Higher-order oligomers of spectrin were prevalent, with hexamers and octamers seen between virtually every junctional complex in the network. Based on comparisons with expanded skeletons, we propose that the oligomeric state of spectrin is in a dynamic equilibrium that facilitates remodeling of the network as the cell changes shape in response to shear stress.
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