Four different combinations of 9644Ru and 9640Zr nuclei, both as projectile and target, were investigated at the same bombarding energy of 400A MeV using a 4pi detector. The degree of isospin mixing ...between projectile and target nucleons is mapped across a large portion of the phase space using two different isospin-tracer observables, the number of measured protons and the tritium to 3He yield ratio. The experimental results show that the global equilibrium is not reached even in the most central collisions. Quantitative measures of stopping and mixing are extracted from the data. They are found to exhibit a quite strong sensitivity to the in-medium ( n,n) cross section used in microscopic transport calculations.
Experimental data on K
+ meson and proton sideward flow measured with the FOPI detector at SIS/GSI in the reactions Ru+Ru at 1.69
A GeV and Ni+Ni at 1.93
A GeV are presented. The K
+ sideward flow is ...found to be anti-correlated (correlated) with the one of protons at low (high) transverse momenta. When compared to the predictions of a transport model, the data favour the existence of an in-medium repulsive K
+-nucleon potential.
Collisions of Au on Au at incident energies of 150, 250 and 400
A·MeV were studied with the FOPI-facility at GSI Darmstadt. Nuclear charge (
Z ⩽ 15) and velocity of the products were detected with ...full azimuthal acceptance at laboratory angles 1° ⩽
θlab ⩽ 30°. Isotope separated light charged particles were measured with movable multiple telescopes in an angular range of 6–90°. Central collisions representing about 1% of the reaction cross section were selected by requiring high total transverse energy, but vanishing side flow. The velocity space distributions and yields of the emitted fragments are reported. the data are analysed in terms of a thermal model including radial flow. A comparison with predictions of the quantum molecular model is presented.
We have demonstrated that gene polymorphisms within the N-terminal leader sequence of TGF-b1 contribute to the outcome of hepatic fibrogenesis. In addition, the polymorphism at codon 25 affects ...TGF-b1 production in peripheral blood leukocytes. Therefore, it is general assumed that these polymorphisms influence cellular secretion of this cytokine. In the present study, we analysed if this widespread hypothesis is true. We cloned FLAG-tagged CMV-driven human full-length TGF-b1 expression constructs of the different allelic variations (i.e. 10Leu/25Arg, 10Pro/25Pro and 10Pro/25Arg) and transfected them into the immortal hepatic stellate cell line LX-2 and Chinese Hamster Ovary cells. Surprisingly, the allelic variants carrying a proline either in codon 10 or 25 showed overall reduced expression as assessed by Western blot and quantitative ELISA. We conclude that the allelic variations within the signal sequence influence the expression and not secretion of TGF-b1. Detailed RNA structure prediction analysis further suggests that the individual variants form different secondary structures.
An overview is given over recent measurement of flow and particle production in the energy range from 0.1 to 2 AGeV. Excitation functions for the directed sideward and the azimuthally symmetric ...transverse flow are presented and show the importance of flow phenomena in this incident energy regime. Rapidity density distributions are indicative of a system size dependence of the stopping process. The role of strange particles as a probe for the hot and dense phase of hadronic matter is discussed with respect to the production and propagation. The spectra of Kaons indicate an equilibration with the surrounding baryons during the expansion while their directed flow pattern is different from that of the nucleons.
New experimental data of
H
E and
V
E of seven polyether and polyamine + propan-1-ol mixtures have been obtained and the results are compared with an extended version of the extended real associated ...solution model (ERAS) model which takes into account a multiple cross-association of self-associating alkanol molecules with different centers of the polyether or polyamine molecule represented by oxygen atoms or NH
2/NH-groups in these molecules. The multiple cross-association (MCA)-ERAS model accounts also for possible self-association of the polyethers and polyamines. The model is able to describe the excess properties by adjusting simultaneously a few parameters to the experimental
H
E and
V
E data. It turns out that the introduction of multiple cross-association is necessary to obtain an adequate description of the excess properties.
In times of increasing global warming, enormous efforts are required to rapidly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Industry is one of the largest GHG emitting sectors and process heat supply is ...so far almost exclusively based on the combustion of fossil fuels. Due to the EU's target of climate neutrality by 2050, it is necessary to systematically increase energy efficiency and decarbonise the heat sector of industry. The methods of Heat Integration can be used to exploit existing potentials for waste heat utilisation and to integrate renewable technologies for heating and cooling. This paper gives an overview of recent developments in the field of Total Site and Multiperiod Heat Integration (MPHI) and presents a MPHI approach based on combining mathematical optimisation and Pinch Analysis. The approach can be used to minimise energy demand, costs and CO2 emissions and is demonstrated in two case studies. The results show that significant reductions of costs and CO2 emissions can be achieved, but further technological developments and research are necessary to reach climate neutrality until 2050.
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•Recent developments in the field of Total Site Heat Integration (TSHI) and Multiperiod Heat Integration (MPHI) methods.•A Multiperiod Heat Integration approach for minimising energy demand, costs and CO2 emissions is proposed.•Multiple renewable and fossil based utilities are integrated in the model.•The approach is demonstrated within two case studies.
The mass distributions of baryon resonances populated in near-central collisions of Au on Au and Ni on Ni are deduced by defolding the $p_t$ spectra of charged pions by a method which does not depend ...on a specific resonance shape. In addition the mass distributions of resonances are obtained from the invariant masses of $(p, \pi^{\pm})$ pairs. With both methods the deduced mass distributions are shifted by an average value of -60 MeV/c$^2$ relative to the mass distribution of the free $\Delta(1232)$ resonance, the distributions descent almost exponentially towards mass values of 2000 MeV/c^2. The observed differences between $(p, \pi^-)$ and $(p, \pi^+)$ pairs indicate a contribution of isospin $I = 1/2$ resonances. The attempt to consistently describe the deduced mass distributions and the reconstructed kinetic energy spectra of the resonances leads to new insights about the freeze out conditions, i.e. to rather low temperatures and large expansion velocities.
Directed sideward flow of light charged particles and intermediate mass fragments was measured in different symmetric reactions at bombarding energies from 90 to 800
A MeV. The flow parameter is ...found to increase with the charge of the detected fragment up to
Z = 3–4 and then turns into saturation for heavier fragments. Guided by simple simulations of an anisotropic expanding thermal source, we show that the value at saturation can provide a good estimate of the flow angle, Θ
flow, in the participant region. It is found that Θ
flow depends strongly on the impact parameter. The excitation function of Θ
folw reveals striking deviations from the ideal hydrodynamical scaling. The data exhibit a steep rise of Θ
flow to a maximum at around 250 – 400
A MeV, followed by a moderate decrease as the bombarding energy increases further.
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