This article introduces a 192-Gb 896-GB/s 12-high stacked third-generation high-bandwidth memory (HBM3 DRAM) with low power consumption and high-reliability traits. New design schemes and features, ...including internal low-voltage signaling, center strobe calibration, through-silicon via (TSV) auto-calibration, a symbol-correcting in-DRAM ECC, and machine-learning-based layout optimization, allow large amounts of data transfers among the vertically stacked base and core dies with limited delay mismatch or SI degradation, as well as reduced power consumption from low-voltage swings. Experimental results confirm 896-GB/s bandwidth operations at 1.0-V voltage conditions with up to 15% improved power efficiency.
This study presents the design and implementation of a 6.78 MHz wireless power transfer (WPT) system that uses magnetically coupled resonance for 5 W mobile phone charger applications. For a resonant ...WPT system, one of the most significant design issues is the power receiver because of its resonant characteristics. A compact resonant-type power receiver is required for high efficiency and robustness. To realise a compact size, a fully integrated 5 W power receiver that includes an on-chip AC–DC converter and a DC–DC converter is implemented. A protection circuit that operates only during initial power-up is proposed to protect the power switches in the receiver. The proposed receiver was implemented using a 0.18 µm bipolar-complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor–double-diffused metal–oxide–semiconductor process with a die area of 3.5 mm × 3.5 mm. The measured maximum power transfer efficiency of the receiver and peak efficiency of the system was 81 and 51%, respectively.
Ever since the introduction of high bandwidth memory (HBM DRAM) and its succeeding line-ups, HBM DRAM has been heralded as a prominent solution to tackle the memory wall problem. However, despite ...continual memory advancements the advent of high-end systems, including supercomputers, hyper-scale data centers and machine learning accelerators, are expediting requirements for higher-performance memory solutions. To accommodate the increasing system-level demands, we introduce HBM3 DRAM, which employs multiple new features and design schemes. Techniques such as an on-die ECC engine, internal NN-DFE I/O signaling, TSV auto-calibration, and layout optimization based on machine-learning algorithms are implemented to efficiently control timing skew margins and SI degradation trade-offs. Furthermore, reduced voltage swings allow for improved memory bandwidth, density, power efficiency and reliability.
With the emergence of large-language models (LLM) and generative AI, which require an enormous amount of model parameters, the required memory bandwidth and capacity for high-end systems is on an ...unprecedented increase. To meet this need, we present an extended version of the high-bandwidth memory-3 (HBM3 DRAM), HBM3E, which achieves a 1280GB/s bandwidth with a cube density of 48GB. New design schemes and features, such as all-around power-through-silicon via (TSV), a 6-phase read-data-strobe (RDQS) scheme, a byte-mapping swap scheme, and a voltage-drift compensator for write data strobe (WDQS), are implemented to achieve extended bandwidth and capacity with enhanced reliability. The overall architecture and specifications, such as bump map footprint, the number of channel and I/Os, and the operation voltage, are identical to the latest HBM3 1, 2; therefore, backward compatibility is provided, avoiding system modification.
A shunt-series mixed resonant coupled structure for the implantable medical devices is demonstrated experimentally. The experiment conducted by using 1 cm thickness pork tissue at 6.78 MHz operating ...frequency. The transmitter coil outside the pork tissue, the 4 cm square coils on 2-layer PCB is used. On the while, the receiver coil inside the pork tissue, 1 cm diameter of copper wire is used. The experimental results of the designed wireless power transfer structure shows successful power transfer to the load inside the pork tissue up to 100 mW.
A 13.56 MHz CMOS ring oscillator for DC/DC converter is demonstrated where measured performances make it suitable for wireless power transfer receiver system. The proposed structure employs a ...supply-regulated ring oscillator with a temperature compensated current bias circuit, which minimizes the frequency sensitivity to supply and temperature variations. Fabricated in a 0.11 μm 1P5M CMOS process, the developed oscillator as a switching frequency generator of DC/DC converter dissipates maximum 6.8 mW while exhibiting ±0.88 % frequency error against temperature variation of 0-125 °C.
62-year-old patient who had past history of endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer at September 2008, underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection of esophagus for early esophageal ...cancer at mid esophagus during health screening service. Because there was a high risk of lymph node metastasis at biopsy results, concurrent chemoradiotherapy was added to endoscopic submucosal dissection. There was a metachronous cancer at mid-esophagus at March 2013. He underwent endoscopic mucosal resection and photodynamic therapy. Concurrentchemoradiotherapy after endoscopic submucosal dissection is an effective treatment method. 2008년 9월 조기 위암으로 내시경점막하박리술을 시행받은 과거력이 있는 62세 남자가 2010년 10월 시행한 상부위장관내시경 검사상 중부식도에 병변이 관찰되었다. 루골 색소 내시경상 염색이 잘 되지 않고, 확대내시경상에서 신생혈관이 관찰되며, 파괴된 혈관들이 연결되는 상피유두내혈관 루프상점막근층을 침범한 양상(IPCL-V3)이 관찰되었다. 초음파내시경 검사상 점막에 국한된 소견으로 보여, 조기 식도암으로 진단하에 내시경점막하박리술을 시행받았다. 이후 최종 조직 검사상 침범깊이는 점막층 M2 부위까지 침범한 소견이 관찰되고 D2-40 양성으로 림프절 전이 위험성이 높아 추가로 항암방사선 동시요법을 시행하였고, 이후 재발없이 지내다가 2013년 3월 중부식도에 이소성 병변으로 고분화 이형성이 발견되어 내시경점막절제술 및 광역동 치료를 시행받았다. 이 환자에서와 같이 조기 식도암에서 내시경점 막하박리술 시행 후 항암방사선 동시요법을 시행하는 것도 효과적인 치료 방법이 될 수 있다. 추후 전향적 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.
This study assessed the feasibility of in-situ CO2 mixing in a wollastonite-blended cementitious composite by evaluating its mineral carbonation performance. Wollastonite (CS) polymorphs were ...synthesized and used to replace ordinary Portland cement with up to 30 wt%. The results showed that amorphous CaCO3, calcite, and monocarboaluminate were formed as carbonation products. The wollastonite-blended cementitious composite with a 20 % replacement of β-CS exhibited the highest CaCO3 production of 22.5 wt%, which was mainly attributed to amorphous CaCO3. β-CS showed a superior mineral carbonation ability to α-CS because the Ca-depleted silicate layer formed by the dissolution of β-CS accelerated the formation of amorphous CaCO3. Moreover, CS retarded the early-stage formation of ettringite and monocarboaluminate by delaying gypsum dissolution. The wollastonite-blended cementitious composites exhibited superior compressive strength exceeding 40 MPa. These results demonstrate that the mineral carbonation of wollastonite-blended cementitious composite can be accomplished through in-situ CO2 mixing, especially with β-CS replacement, which has significant potential as a CO2 storable binder.
•Two polymorphs of wollastonite (CS) were synthesized and compared for carbonation.•For wider applicability (ready-mixed concrete), in-situ CO2 mixing has been firstly applied.•Intended carbonation produced amorphous CaCO3, calcite, and monocarboaluminate.•CS-blended cement system was proved as a sufficient building materials
This study proposed a model to estimate the chloride diffusivity of the cement matrix by performing a ternary random walk simulation, which considers both connected and disconnected pores in ...tomographic 3D microstructure. Ternary structures of cement paste, consisting of pore, hydrate, and anhydrous phases, were obtained from X-ray micro-CT images by calculating each phase's representative linear attenuation coefficient based on the quantitative X-ray diffraction results. A novel random walk simulation introducing the concept of hydrate retention time upon ternary microstructures was applied to cement paste. From the developed ternary random walk simulation, the values of the hydrate retention time were determined considering multi-scale porosities and the experimental data of chloride diffusivity. The results showed that the hydrate retention time ranged from 325 to 108 as w/c increased from 0.3 to 0.7. Empirical formulas for estimating hydrate retention time according to the porosity of hydrate voxels and the hydration degree was established. Based on these formulas, the proposed model performing ternary random walk simulation on X-ray micro-CT images enables the estimation of chloride diffusivity of actual cement paste with only the initial w/c as input, making it a practical and accurate tool for durability characterization.
•Ternary random walk simulation was proposed to estimate chloride diffusivity.•Ternary 3D microstructure consists of pore, hydrate, and anhydrous phases.•Formula for hydrate retention time considering microstructure was established.•Chloride diffusivity was successfully predicted based on the proposed method.
•Transport properties of mortar with high water-to-cement have been calculated.•X-ray CT and numerical simulation computed tortuosity, permeability, and diffusivity.•Formation factor is inversely ...proportional to the diffusivity of the system.
Tortuosity is an important parameter for characterizing the flow and transport properties of porous material but impossible to be directly measured experimentally. This study aimed to quantitatively calculate the tortuosity parameter of mortar with a high water-to-cement ratio using X-ray computed tomography (CT)-based random walk simulation. The result was verified by numerical simulation and available experimental data. Using the CT scanned data, the interconnected three-dimensional (3D) pore structure was accurately reconstructed considering the interfacial area of sand particles using a watershed algorithm. The transport properties, such as tortuosity, permeability, and diffusivity, were calculated by performing random walk and numerical simulation on the interconnected 3D pore structure. The random walk analysis indicated that a higher cement content led to a significant increase in tortuosity which represents the evolution of complexity of 3D pore structure. Furthermore, it was verified that the formation factor (i.e., tortuosity divided by porosity) is inversely proportional to the diffusivity of the systems. The quantitatively computed transport properties will be useful to accurately evaluate microstructural properties of mortar systems with high water-to-cement ratios. Furthermore, the methodology developed and verified herein has a potential to be further applied to other porous media such as underground reservoirs and fractured solids.
