The nuclear dependence of the inclusive inelastic electron scattering cross section (the EMC effect) has been measured for the first time in 10B and 11B. Previous measurements of the EMC effect in A ...≤ 12 nuclei showed an unexpected nuclear dependence; 10B and 11B were measured to explore the EMC effect in this region in more detail. Results are presented for 9Be, 10B, 11B, and 12C at an incident beam energy of 10.6 GeV. The EMC effect in the boron isotopes was found to be similar to that for 9Be and 12C, yielding almost no nuclear dependence in the EMC effect in the range A = 4-12. This represents important, new data supporting the hypothesis that the the EMC effect depends primarily on the local nuclear density due to the cluster structure of these nuclei.
The nuclear dependence of the inclusive inelastic electron scattering cross section (the EMC effect) has been measured for the first time in \(^{10}\)B and \(^{11}\)B. Previous measurements of the ...EMC effect in \(A \leq 12\) nuclei showed an unexpected nuclear dependence; \(^{10}\)B and \(^{11}\)B were measured to explore the EMC effect in this region in more detail. Results are presented for \(^9\)Be, \(^{10}\)B, \(^{11}\)B, and \(^{12}\)C at an incident beam energy of 10.6~GeV. The EMC effect in the boron isotopes was found to be similar to that for \(^9\)Be and \(^{12}\)C, yielding almost no nuclear dependence in the EMC effect in the range \(A=4-12\). This represents important, new data supporting the hypothesis that the EMC effect depends primarily on the local nuclear environment due to the cluster structure of these nuclei.
The visible world is founded on the proton, the only composite building block of matter that is stable in nature. Consequently, understanding the formation of matter relies on explaining the dynamics ...and the properties of the proton's bound state.A fundamental property of the proton involves the response of the system to an external electromagnetic field. It is characterized by the electromagnetic polarizabilities that describe how easily the charge and magnetization distributions inside the system are distorted by the electromagnetic field. Moreover, the generalized polarizabilities map out the resulting deformation of the densities in a proton subject to an electromagnetic field. They disclose essential information about the underlying system dynamics and provide a key for decoding the proton structure in terms of the theory of the strong interaction that binds its elementary quark and gluon constituents. Of particular interest is a puzzle in the electric generalized polarizability of the proton that remains unresolved for two decades. Here we report measurements of the proton's electromagnetic generalized polarizabilities at low four-momentum transfer squared. We show evidence of an anomaly to the behaviour of the proton's electric generalized polarizability that contradicts the predictions of nuclear theory and derive its signature in the spatial distribution of the induced polarization in the proton. The reported measurements suggest the presence of a new, not-yet-understood dynamical mechanism in the proton and present notable challenges to the nuclear theory.
Rationale
The Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ) is widely used in studies of acute subjective response (SR) to a variety of substances, but the format of the DEQ varies widely across studies, and ...details of its psychometric properties are lacking. Thus, the field would benefit from demonstrating the reliability and validity of the DEQ for use across multiple substances.
Objective
The current study evaluated the psychometric properties of several variations of DEQ items, which assessed the extent to which participants (1) feel any substance effect(s), (2) feel high, (3) like the effects, (4) dislike the effects, and (5) want more of the substance using 100-mm visual analog scales.
Methods
DEQ data from three placebo-controlled studies were analyzed to examine SR to amphetamine, nicotine, and alcohol. We evaluated the internal structure of the DEQ for use with each substance as well as relationships between scale items, measures of similar constructs, and substance-related behaviors.
Results
Results provided preliminary psychometric support for items assessing each DEQ construct (feel, high, dislike, like, and more).
Conclusions
Based on the study results, we identify several common limitations of extant variants of the DEQ and recommend an improved version of the measure. The simplicity and brevity of the DEQ combined with its promising psychometric properties support its use in future SR research across a variety of substances.
•Qualitative interviews were used to examine e-cigarette use when quitting smoking.•Adults described experiences with longer vs. shorter abstinence durations.•Advantages of using e-cigarettes to quit ...smoking were similar.•People with shorter abstinence durations reported more challenges.•Findings may help inform ways to use e-cigarettes to support quitting smoking.
Empirical evidence about the effectiveness of using e-cigarettes to quit smoking cigarettes remains inconclusive, yet e-cigarettes are commonly used for smoking cessation. Moreover, people who have longer duration quit attempts are likely to have even longer quit attempts in the future. Researchers analyzed 40 qualitative interviews to assess adults’ experiences using e-cigarettes during their longest duration quit attempt. Interviewees quit smoking for ≥ one month (n = 20) or for shorter durations (n = 20). Thematic and comparative content analyses were used to analyze interview transcripts for factors facilitating or impeding the duration of quit attempts when using e-cigarettes. Participant narratives were mostly similar irrespective of their quit attempt duration. Six themes common across groups as well as themes more often discussed by people with shorter quit attempts are described. Most participants discussed using e-cigarette devices and flavors to either replace sensations similar to smoking combustible cigarettes (e.g., inhaling from a cylindrical object) or to distract themselves from cravings to smoke. E-cigarettes also were described by the majority of participants as useful for smoking cessation because they approximate combustible cigarette use, potentially reduce health-related harms, save money, and lead to reduced social stigma compared to smoking cigarettes. Those who reported shorter duration quit attempts shared e-cigarette product challenges, health concerns, needs for support. Study findings demonstrate the need for additional research on the factors that may increase the likelihood that using e-cigarettes will result in longer and sustained e-cigarette-based quit attempts among adults.
Human Laboratory Paradigms in Alcohol Research Plebani, Jennifer G.; Ray, Lara A.; Morean, Meghan E. ...
Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research,
June 2012, Volume:
36, Issue:
6
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Background
Human laboratory studies have a long and rich history in the field of alcoholism. Human laboratory studies have allowed for advances in alcohol research in a variety of ways, including ...elucidating neurobehavioral mechanisms of risk, identifying phenotypically distinct subtypes of alcohol users, investigating the candidate genes underlying experimental phenotypes for alcoholism, and testing mechanisms of action of alcoholism pharmacotherapies on clinically relevant translational phenotypes, such as persons exhibiting positive‐like alcohol effects or alcohol craving. Importantly, the field of human laboratory studies in addiction has progressed rapidly over the past decade and has built upon earlier findings of alcohol's neuropharmacological effects to advancing translational research on alcoholism etiology and treatment.
Methods and Results
To that end, the new generation of human laboratory studies has focused on applying new methodologies, further refining alcoholism phenotypes, and translating these findings to studies of alcoholism genetics, medication development, and pharmacogenetics. The combination of experimental laboratory approaches with the recent developments in neuroscience and pharmacology has been particularly fruitful in furthering our understanding of the impact of individual differences in alcoholism risk and in treatment response.
Conclusions
This review of the literature focuses on human laboratory studies of subjective intoxication, alcohol craving, anxiety, and behavioral economics. Each section discusses opportunities for phenotype refinement under laboratory conditions, as well as its application to translational science of alcoholism. A summary and recommendations for future research are also provided.
Additional work is needed to determine how and/or why the relationship between alcohol use and increased risk of partner aggression (PA) exists. Researchers have begun to examine whether ...alcohol-related outcome expectancies (i.e., beliefs about the cognitive and behavioral effects of alcohol) are associated with PA irrespective of alcohol use. We examined the relationship between alcohol use, alcohol expectancies, and PA among 360 males arrested for a domestic violence offense and court-mandated to treatment. Results indicate that certain alcohol expectancies do play a role in the relationship between alcohol use and some forms of PA.
Depressed adolescents grown up Weissman, M M; Wolk, S; Goldstein, R B ...
JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association,
05/1999, Volume:
281, Issue:
18
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Major depressive disorder (MDD) that arises in adolescence impairs functioning and is associated with suicide risk, but little is known about its continuity into adulthood.
To describe the clinical ...course of adolescent-onset MDD into adulthood.
Prospective case-control study. Seventy-three subjects had onset of MDD based on systematic clinical assessment during adolescence (Tanner stage III-V) and 37 controls had no evidence of past or current psychiatric disorders, and also were assessed in adolescence (assessment years: 1977-1985). Follow-up was conducted 10 to 15 years after the initial assessment by an independent team without knowledge of initial diagnosis (follow-up years: 1992-1996).
Cases were identified at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital, New York City, NY; controls were recruited from the community.
Suicide and suicide attempts, psychiatric diagnoses, treatment utilization, and social functioning.
Clinical outcomes of adolescent-onset MDD into adulthood compared with control subjects without psychiatric illness include a high rate of suicide (7.7%); a 5-fold increased risk for first suicide attempt; a 2-fold increased risk of MDD, but not other psychiatric disorders; an increased occurrence of psychiatric and medical hospitalization; and impaired functioning in work, social, and family life. Thirty-seven percent of those with adolescent MDD survived without an episode of MDD in adulthood vs 69% of the control participants (relative risk, 2.2 95% confidence interval, 1.0-4.7; P<.05).
There is substantial continuity, specificity, morbidity, and potential mortality from suicide into adulthood in adolescent-onset MDD patients. Now that empirically based guides to their treatment are becoming available, early identification and treatment seems warranted.
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