El objetivo de esta investigación es identificar los determinantes de la madurez de la deuda para las empresas mexicanas que cotizan en la BMV, usando una definición alternativa de esta variable ...dependiente. En particular, se define la madurez como “tiempo para expiración del contrato” considerando el promedio ponderado del tiempo a vencimiento, contribución original del presente trabajo. Se utilizan modelos de datos panel y de selección de Heckman, pues el uso de datos longitudinales en un panel desbalanceado puede presentar problemas de selección en forma de atrición. Los resultados sugieren que el sesgo por atrición es significativo, y que la madurez promedio de la deuda está determinada por variables como tamaño y apalancamiento, entre otras característias de las empresas, así como la tasa de interés del mercado. Como principal limitación, se tienen las omisiones de datos de las fuentes de información utilizadas generando un panel corto y desbalanceado. Se concluye que al usar este método de medición de madurez se obtienen mejores resultados para analizar el plazo de vencimiento de la deuda, comparado con las métricas tradicionales en la literatura.
Binge-eating disorder, the most prevalent eating disorder, is a serious public health problem associated with obesity, psychiatric and medical comorbidities, and functional impairments. Binge-eating ...disorder remains underrecognized and infrequently treated, and few evidence-based treatments exist. The authors tested the effectiveness of naltrexone-bupropion and behavioral weight loss therapy (BWL), alone and combined, for binge-eating disorder comorbid with obesity.
In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial conducted from February 2017 to February 2021, using a 2×2 balanced factorial design, 136 patients with binge-eating disorder (81.6% women; mean age, 46.5 years; mean BMI, 37.1) were randomized to one of four 16-week treatments: placebo (N=34), naltrexone-bupropion (N=32), BWL+placebo (N=35), or BWL+naltrexone-bupropion (N=35). Overall, 81.7% of participants completed independent posttreatment assessments.
Intention-to-treat binge-eating remission rates were 17.7% in the placebo group, 31.3% in the naltrexone-bupropion group, 37.1% in the BWL+placebo group, and 57.1% in the BWL+naltrexone-bupropion group. Logistic regression of binge-eating remission revealed that BWL was significantly superior to no BWL, and that naltrexone-bupropion was significantly superior to placebo, but there was no significant interaction between BWL and medication. Mixed models of complementary measures of binge-eating frequency also indicated that BWL was significantly superior to no BWL. The rates of participants attaining 5% weight loss were 11.8% in the placebo group, 18.8% in the naltrexone-bupropion group, 31.4% in the BWL+placebo group, and 38.2% in the BWL+naltrexone-bupropion group. Logistic regression of 5% weight loss and mixed models of percent weight loss both revealed that BWL was significantly superior to no BWL. Mixed models revealed significantly greater improvements for BWL than no BWL on secondary measures (eating disorder psychopathology, depression, eating behaviors, and cholesterol and HbA
levels).
BWL and naltrexone-bupropion were associated with significant improvements in binge-eating disorder, with a consistent pattern of BWL being superior to no BWL.
Although natural regeneration is often an efficient process for recovering degraded areas, the emergence of invasive species can complicate this process and lead the ecosystem to an alternative ...stable state (ASS) that disrupts ecosystem functioning. Identifying this condition is a key step in the design of restoration strategies. In this sense, we used a spatially explicit approach using the landscape metric area and the analysis of land-use and land-cover change to identify the dynamics of areas dominated by
P. aquilinum
, an invasive species well known for producing ASS. In our study site, a Mexican semi-evergreen tropical forest and seasonal lowland flooded forest,
P. aquilinum
has been in ASS for decades. We analyzed
P. aquilinum
dynamics in a period of 28 years (1989–2017) using a supervised classification of Landsat imagery. We found that, at the landscape scale, agriculture and livestock increased 224%, while semi-evergreen tropical forest and
P. aquilinum
cover showed losses of 13% and 72%, respectively. At the patch scale, we also found a statistically significant decrease in
P. aquilinum
patch area between 1989 and 1997 and 2017, but not between 1997 and 2017. Our results show that the areas dominated by
P. aquilinum
only change in time mainly through management toward productive activities, while patches not managed retain their area. Our study highlights the importance of spatial scale analysis for the understanding of landscape ecosystem dynamics for guiding decision-making and further research.
While nutritional interventions are first-line therapy for many chronic diseases, most medical trainees receive minimal nutrition education, leaving them unprepared to address nutritional issues with ...patients. An interactive, single-session, virtual nutrition curriculum was taught online to 80 physician assistant (PA) students. Topics included plant-based nutrition, dietary history-taking and counseling, and culinary medicine. Students were surveyed before, immediately after, and four weeks after the curriculum to assess changes to nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes, confidence, and personal dietary behaviors. Seventy-three PA students (91%) completed the pre-survey, 76 (95%) completed the post-survey, and 42 (52.5%) completed the delayed post-survey. Knowledge scores increased immediately post-intervention (48.9% to 78.9%;
< 0.001) and persisted four weeks later (78.9% to 75.8%;
= 0.54). Post-intervention, students felt more confident in dietary history-taking (55% vs. 95%;
= 0.001) and nutrition counseling (53% vs. 84%;
= 0.003) and agreed that dietary changes alone could reverse type 2 diabetes (74% vs. 97%;
= 0.027) and coronary artery disease (66% vs. 92%;
= 0.039). Curricula using virtual teaching kitchens may be a scalable approach to nutrition education for medical trainees.
Purpose
This paper aims to analyze the demand for mobility in higher education to understand the critical elements of students' mobility and the potential impact of accessing sustainable ...alternatives. The demand for different means of transportation accounts for socioeconomic variables such as household income and size, gender, age, among other travel factors such as distance, time, speed and direct cost.
Design/methodology/approach
This research uses a unique data set encompassing a representative sample of households across gender and municipalities in the Monterrey Metropolitan Area in Mexico. This paper uses the value of transportation time savings approach to estimate the derived demand for mobility in higher education across different means. The empirical strategy uses a linear utility framework in a multinomial non-ordered logit model to analyze the conditional selection of transportation as a function of sociodemographics, direct monetary costs and travel determinants such as travel time, distance and speed.
Findings
Men students are more likely to use an unsustained transportation mode such as a car or cab than women. Income is a crucial determinant for transportation demand. There is a negative relationship between household income and walking or riding the bus but positive with driving a car. An increase in the time of the trip decreases the probability of walking while increasing the likelihood of using a car or riding the bus to school. Students who feel safe while riding a bus are more likely to use the bus or walk as transportation than using a car. Finally, having access to better quality sidewalks significantly incentive walking over other transportation options.
Practical implications
Results show that individuals would almost always choose private vehicles because of the personal comforts and time savings.
Social implications
Understanding the demand for higher education and access to sustainable transportation might provide new insights into campus planning and development. Access to public transportation options can reduce the travel costs for students with lower incomes and enlarge options for students who have to commute longer distances by car. Sustainable transportation access plays a role in promoting equality and economic development.
Originality/value
This study’s results bring new light on how transportation becomes an essential component of the opportunity cost of college education and could define its role in promoting equality or increasing inequality. This study’s finding is of particular interest for cities where housing location seems to be independent of access to school, work or other amenities.
This work utilizes a Gabor Holographic Optical Scheme integrated with a microscope objective and a thin convex plane lens. This bi-telecentric lens system corrects spherical aberration from the ...objective, maintains consistent magnification across various reconstruction distances, and ensures a plane incidence on CMOS. Depending on the focal lengths of the objective and lens, the final image can be enlarged or reduced compared to the classic Gabor system, resulting in high-quality reconstructed phase images without spherical aberration. This setup was employed to capture phase distribution and intensity images of planktonic objects, such as copepods, achieving superior image quality.
•The inverted bitelecentric lens system corrects for spherical aberrations in digital Gabor holographic microscopy for the first time.•This system ensures the plane of incidence on the CMOS sensor, enhancing reconstruction quality as the algorithm use a plane wave model.•This system enables the refocusing distance to match the actual physical distance, ensuring precise determination of the sample's position.
•First paper to consistently standardize Mexican urban labor employment information.•Labor micro-fundamental analytical framework: three decades of micro-consistent time-series estimations for the ...Mexican labor market.•Average returns to schooling for both genders have decreased in the last two decades, showing a return to schooling gap in favor of women of around 2% in recent years.•The gender wage gap fluctuates around 29.6% once the self-selection bias is corrected.•The unobservable effects measured by selection bias represent a significant fraction of the gender wage gap in Mexico.
This paper analyzes the historical evidence of the gender gap in employment and wages in Mexico. We construct consistent time series from 1988:Q1 to 2019:Q4 using employment surveys, and estimate a model of labor participation in the formal market and wages for each gender and quarter, correcting selection biases. Based on these results, we implement a Blinder–Oaxaca (1973) and Mulligan-Rubinstein (2008) decomposition to estimate the gender gap in wages. Our results suggest the returns to schooling for both genders have decreased in the last two decades, showing a gap of almost 2% in favor of women. The gender wage gap fluctuates around 29.6% once self-selection bias is corrected. The prevalence of differences in expected wages between genders exists due to the "selection bias" and "residual" effects. This work's main limitation is that it focuses only on formal urban employment in 16 metropolitan areas; however, this approach makes it possible to identify long-term trends and structural changes in this market, expanding the evidence of the gender gap in the Mexican economic history.
El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la evidencia histórica de la brecha de género en el empleo y los salarios en México. Para ello, construimos series de tiempo consistentes desde 1988:Q1 hasta 2019:Q4 utilizando encuestas de empleo en México, y estimamos en cada trimestre un modelo de participación laboral y salarios para cada segmento de género del mercado formal, corrigiendo el sesgo de selección correspondiente. A partir de estos resultados, implementamos una descomposición Blinder-Oaxaca (1973) y Mulligan-Rubinstein (2008) para estimar la brecha salarial de género. Nuestros resultados sugieren que los rendimientos de la escolaridad para ambos géneros han disminuido en las dos últimas décadas, mostrando una brecha de casi 2% a favor de las mujeres. La diferencia salarial entre ambos sexos fluctúa en torno al 29.6% una vez corregido el sesgo de autoselección. La prevalencia de las diferencias en los salarios esperados entre géneros existe debido a los efectos de "sesgo de selección" y "residual". Una limitación de este trabajo es que sólo se centra en el empleo urbano formal en 16 áreas metropolitanas; sin embargo, este enfoque permite identificar las tendencias de largo plazo y los cambios estructurales en este mercado, expandiendo la evidencia de la brecha de género en la historia económica mexicana.
The objective is to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the dynamics of the Mexican labor market (formal-informal employment) by gender. It is built consistent micro-founded time-series ...from 1987:Q1 to 2019:Q4 using the Mexican urban employment surveys and estimate a VAR model linking aggregate production and each market segment. Our results suggest significant adverse effects on formal employment resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, with lengthy job recovery for females and males. The informal sector in both genders presents a lower forecasted response to the initial production shock but substantial observed employment losses, potentially linked to structural changes in the market. In the COVID-19 crisis, the informal sector is not a substitute for formal employment losses. The complexity of this crisis suggests crafting policies to improve the easiness of the market to enhance formal job recovery while promoting gender equality. Our main contribution is to estimate the diverse employment losses by segments and a critical structural change in the labor market dynamics resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic focusing on urban employment.
PDF
