The degree of crystallinity of amorphous carbonaceous material (CM) increases with heating. Previous studies have shown good correlations between maximum temperature and the structural state of CM as ...measured by Raman spectroscopy. Changes in CM are also expected to depend on the time‐scale of heating, but there are very few data that can be used to define this relationship. Thermal modelling of contact metamorphism developed around the 66 m thick Great Whin Sill in County Durham, England, shows that the time‐scale of heating was on the order of ~40–270 years with a temperature range of ~300–680 °C within ~110 m from the sill contact. Raman spectroscopy reveals a significant increase in the crystallinity of the CM (from a less crystallized D1‐band width of ~110 cm−1 up to a well crystallized R2 peak area ratio of ~0.43) within ~50 m from the sill contact—corresponding to an apparent increase in temperature of up to ~200 °C when estimated using conventional Raman CM geothermometry. Over this distance, the temperatures derived from thermal modelling exceed ~400 °C and heating occurred over a time‐scale of c. 100 years. Combining the results of this study with the results of previous work shows both the maximum attained temperature and the duration of heating have a significant effect on the resulting Raman spectra and demonstrates the utility of this method to derive quantitative descriptions of the kinetics of CM crystallization in rocks.
Summary
Solid organ transplantation is a vital therapy for end stage diseases. Decades of research have established that components of the adaptive immune system are critical for transplant ...rejection, but the role of the innate immune system in organ transplantation is just emerging. Accumulating evidence indicates that the innate immune system is activated at the time of organ implantation by the release of endogenous inflammatory triggers. This review discusses the nature of these triggers in organ transplantation and also potential mediators that may enhance inflammation resolution after organ implantation.
For coastal adaptation purposes, it is important to estimate the climate related changes in extreme sea levels due to storm surges and ocean waves, in addition to mean sea level rise. This study ...provides the first consistent and continuous estimation of projected changes in global storm surges and ocean waves from the past to the warmer future, based on an extremely high resolution global climate model. The spatial pattern in the trend of annual maximum sea surface heights and wave heights is predominantly driven by changes in tropical cyclone (TC) frequency. In the western North Pacific, future TC frequencies are projected to decrease, and the annual maximum sea surface heights and wave heights show decreasing trends (−20 cm/century and −200 cm/century). Although highly intense tropical cyclones are enhanced in the warmer climate, highly extreme storm surges and wave heights do not necessarily increase due to the large natural variability.
Plain Language Summary
Ocean waves and storm surges induced by atmospheric low pressure systems are major drivers of coastal hazards. Future global warming can alter the intensity of ocean waves and storm surges as well as sea level rise. Therefore, for coastal adaptation purposes, it is important to estimate the global warming related changes in ocean waves and storm surges in addition to sea level rise. This study provides the first estimation of future changes in global storm surges and global ocean waves at the same time. In the western North Pacific, future tropical cyclone frequencies are expected to decrease, and the annual maximum storm surges and wave heights show decreasing trends (−20 cm/century and −200 cm/century). Less probable extreme storm surges and wave heights such as events occurring once every 50 years do not show clear trends because the trends are masked by large natural variability which is intrinsic to the climate.
Key Points
The first consistent and continuous estimation of changes in global storm surges and ocean waves from the past to the warmer future
Storm surge and ocean wave projections are based on an extremely high resolution (20 km) global climate model
Future tropical cyclone frequencies would decrease, and the annual maximum storm surges and waves show negative trends
Recently, convergent close-coupling calculations have been completed for positron scattering from the carbon and oxygen atomic targets. These, together with previously completed calculations for ...atomic hydrogen, are utilized to perform positron scattering calculations for molecular hydrogen (
H
2
), molecular oxygen (
O
2
), diatomic carbon (
C
2
), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (
CO
2
), ozone (
O
3
), water (
H
2
O
), and methane (
CH
4
) through a modified independent atom approach. For these molecules, positronium-formation, direct ionization, electron-loss, elastic, total electronic excitation, total inelastic, and total cross sections are obtained for energies between 0.1 and 5000 eV. There is, in general, good agreement between the current results and past experiments for most transitions, particularly at high energies where this approach is expected to be most accurate.
Graphic Abstract
Background
Malnutrition may worsen clinical outcomes in stroke patients. Few malnutrition screening tools have been validated in the rehabilitation setting. The present study aimed to assess the ...concurrent and predictive validity of two malnutrition screening tools.
Methods
We retrospectively collected scores for the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short‐Form (MNA‐SF) and the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) in consecutive stroke patients aged ≥65 years in a rehabilitation hospital. Concurrent validity was confirmed against the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism diagnostic criteria for malnutrition (ESPEN‐DCM). Malnutrition risk within the ESPEN‐DCM process was assessed using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool. Cut‐off values with maximum Youden index, and with sensitivity (Se) >90% and specificity (Sp) >50%, were defined as appropriate for identification and screening of malnutrition, respectively. The Functional Independence Measure and discharge destination were used to explore predictive validity.
Results
Overall, 420 patients were analysed. Of these, we included 125 patients in the malnutrition group and 295 in the non‐malnutrition group based on the ESPEN‐DCM. Cut‐off values for the identification and screening of malnutrition were 5 (Se: 0.78; Sp: 0.85) and 7 (Se: 0.96; Sp: 0.57) for the MNA‐SF; 92 (Se: 0.74; Sp: 0.84) and 98 (Se: 0.93; Sp: 0.50) for the GNRI, respectively. The GNRI predicted discharge to acute care hospital, whereas the MNA‐SF did not predict all outcome measures.
Conclusions
The MNA‐SF and the GNRI have a fair concurrent validity in stroke patients, although lower cut‐off values than currently used were required for the MNA‐SF. The GNRI exhibits good predictive validity for discharge destination.
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