The development of negative behavioral and psychosocial factors (depression, anxiety, apathy, etc) is associated with poor well-being, which can contribute to health issues in ageing, especially in ...the context of COVID-19. Despite its relative novelty, fully immersive virtual reality (VR) interventions through 360° immersive videos are becoming more accessible and flexible and constitute an emerging method to potentially enhance well-being. The aim of this scoping review is to assess the effectiveness of 360° interventions on well-being in older adults with or without cognitive impairment, as well as cybersickness and attitudes toward this technology.
Scoping review.
Older adults with or without cognitive impairment.
The PRISMA-SR guideline was followed. Four databases were used, and we selected articles published until April 2022. We have analyzed the effect of 360° videos on the well-being of older adults with respect to the study design, the population, the contents, the duration of intervention, and the outcomes.
A total of 2262 articles were screened, of which 10 articles were finally included in this review. Most of them are pilot studies and used mixed methods including scales and interviews. The material and content of VR are diversified. Many behavioral and psychological outcomes were assessed, including anxiety, apathy, loneliness, depression, social engagement, quality of life, and emotions. The results were positive or mixed, according to the outcomes. We recorded few adverse events, and the interviews show contrasting results concerning the participants' feelings (ie, degree of immersion, familiarity with technology, and VR content).
The use of VR 360° videos seems feasible in community-dwelling older adults or residential aged care facilities, as they are safe and provide enjoyment. It constitutes an emerging and promising therapeutic tool to manage psychosocial disorders. This review provides key considerations for the design and implementation of interventions using VR 360° video in clinical practice.
Mathematical models for the behavior of fractional-N phase-locked-loop frequency synthesizers (Frac-N) are presented. The models are intended for calculating rms phase error and determining spurs in ...the output of Frac-N. The models describe noise contributions due to the charge pump (CP), the phase frequency detector (PFD), the loop filter, the voltage control oscillator, and the delta-sigma modulator. Models are presented for the effects of static CP gain mismatch, CP dynamic mismatch and PFD reset delay mismatch. A simple analytic expression shows the level of /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ sequence noise caused by static CP current mismatch. We further show that un-equal rise time and fall time constants of the CP result in dynamic mismatch noise. Reset delay mismatch in PFD is shown to also contribute significantly to close-in phase noise. The model takes into account the reduction in CP thermal and flicker noise due to the changing duty cycle of Frac-N CP. Our model is therefore useful in characterizing the noise performance of Frac-N at the system-level, simplifying the design of fractional-N synthesizers and transmitters. Analytical and simulated results are compared and show good agreement with prior published data on Frac-N realizations.
We have developed, manufactured, and tested two analog CMOS integrated circuit "neurochips" for recording from arrays of densely packed neural electrodes. Device A is a 16-channel buffer consisting ...of parallel noninverting amplifiers with a gain of 2 V/V. Device B is a 16-channel two-stage analog signal processor with differential amplification and high-pass filtering. It features selectable gains of 250 and 500 V/V as well as reference channel selection. The resulting amplifiers on Device A had a mean gain of 1.99 V/V with an equivalent input noise of 10 /spl mu/V/sub rms/. Those on Device B had mean gains of 53.4 and 47.4 dB with a high-pass filter pole at 211 Hz and an equivalent input noise of 4.4 /spl mu/V/sub rms/. Both devices were tested in vivo with electrode arrays implanted in the somatosensory cortex.
This paper presents the design and test results of a fourth-order and sixth-order 14-bit 2.2-MS/s sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The analog modulator and digital decimator sections ...were implemented in a 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS double-poly triple-level metal 3.3-V process. The design objective for these ADC's was to achieve 85 dB signal-to-noise distortion ratio (SNDR) with less than 200 mW power dissipation. Both modulators employ a cascade sigma-delta topology. The fourth-order modulator consists of two cascaded second-order stages which include 1-bit and 5-bit quantizers, respectively. The sixth-order modulator has a 2-2-2 cascade structure and 1-bit quantizer at the end of each stage. An oversampling ratio of 24 was selected to give the best SNDR and power consumption with realizable gain-matching requirements between the analog and digital sections.
A 32 /spl times/ 16 liquid-crystal-on-silicon (LCOS) backplane with novel frame buffer pixels is designed and fabricated using the AMI Semiconductor's 0.5-/spl mu/m double-poly triple-metal CMOS ...process. The three novel pixel circuits described herein increase the brightness of an XGA LCOS microdisplay by at least 36% without sacrificing image contrast ratio. The increase of brightness is attributed to maximizing overall image view time, allowing an image to be displayed at full contrast while the next image is buffered onto the backplane. The new circuits achieve this by removing charge sharing and charge inducement problems shown in previously proposed frame buffer pixel circuits. Voltages on the pixel electrodes measured through rail-to-rail operational amplifiers with negative feedback vary from 0 to 4.25 V (6-V power source). All data voltage levels remain constant over a frame time with less than 1% drop, thus ensuring maximum contrast ratio. Modeling and experimental measurement on the fabricated chip show that these pixel circuits outperform all others to date based on storage time, data storage level, and potential for highest contrast ratio with maximum brightness.
An 8-bit liquid crystal on silicon microdisplay driver for projection display has been designed and fabricated using AMI 0.5 μm double-poly, triple-level metal CMOS process. The driver includes frame ...buffering at the pixel level, which presents optimized optical characteristics for field sequential color operation, and a mixed mode gray scale method which implements distinct 256 gray levels per color with a simpler driver architecture.
The present study describes a case of a 9-year-old girl diagnosed on the autism spectrum who averaged nearly 1200 hand-to-head self-injuries (+attempts) per school day. Given the resources of the ...school and the significance of the self-injurious behavior (SIB), analog functional analysis is not possible. Moreover, functional assessment results were inconclusive. Subsequent analyses suggested a relationship between SIB and instructional conditions, which we evaluated in an alternating treatments design that manipulated task difficulty, rate, interspersal, novelty, and order of presentation. This sequential modification of instructional components ultimately produced a methodology that is associated with an approximately 90% reduction in SIB. The study illustrates a strategy for treatment decision making in cases of serious problem behavior and when traditional functional behavioral assessment and functional analysis are inconclusive.
An 8‐bit LCOS microdisplay driver for projection display has been designed and fabricated using AMI 0.5 um double‐poly, triple‐level metal CMOS process. The driver includes new frame buffer pixels ...which presents optimized optical characteristics for Field Sequential Color technique, and a mixed mode grayscale method which implements distinct 256 gray levels per color with a simple driver architecture. The voltage at the frame buffer pixels varies from 0 to 4.25 volts. The new frame buffer pixels enables a LCOS microdisplay to improve brightness without the loss of contrast ratio.
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