Hydrogen being an ecological fuel is very attractive now for engines designers. It is already actively used in rocket engines. There exist plans to use hydrogen in pulse detonation engines. However, ...peculiarities of hydrogen combustion kinetics, the presence of zones of inverse dependence of reaction rate on pressure, etc. prevent from wide use of hydrogen engines. Computer aided design of new effective and clean hydrogen engines needs mathematical tools for supercomputer modeling of hydrogen–oxygen components mixing and combustion gas dynamics.
The paper presents the results of developing verification and validation of mathematical model and numerical tool making it possible to simulate unsteady processes of ignition and combustion in engines of different types and to study its peculiarities. First, verification and validation of the chemical kinetic models for hydrogen oxidation were carried out through investigations on the ignition delay time on pressure, temperature, and equivalence ratio for hydrogen-oxygen mixtures. Then, the developed solver was used to model pre-mixed and non-premixed combustion and detonation related phenomena including deflagration to detonation transition.
•Behavior of ignition delay for hydrogen-oxygen mixtures was validated.•Detonation initiation, degeneration and reestablishing were simulated numerically.•Peculiarities of deflagration to detonation transition were resolved.
Computer aided design of new effective and clean hydrogen rocket engines needs mathematical tools for supercomputer modeling of hydrogen–oxygen components mixing and chemically reacting in rocket ...combustion chambers. The paper presents the results of computer code developing, verification and validation, making it possible to simulate unsteady processes of ignition and combustion of hydrogen fuel in rocket engines. Restrictions on unsteady gas dynamics working cycles supercomputer simulations due to accumulations of errors are developed.
•3-D code was developed modeling hydrogen combustion in engines on unstructured grid.•Hydrogen kinetic equations solver incorporating internal cycles was suggested to increase CFD precision.•Limitations for time steps number are introduced guaranteeing needed accuracy for CFD.•Results of simulations were verified comparing with other codes and validated in experiment.•Grid independent wall flux solver was developed and validated.
Monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) attracts significant attention due to the potential to be used as a complementary two-dimensional dielectric in fabrication of functional 2D heterostructures. ...Here we investigate the growth stages of the hBN single crystals and show that hBN crystals change their shape from triangular to truncated triangular and further to hexagonal depending on copper substrate distance from the precursor. We suggest that the observed hBN crystal shape variation is affected by the ratio of boron to nitrogen active species concentrations on the copper surface inside the CVD reactor. Strong temperature dependence reveals the activation energies for the hBN nucleation process of ∼5 eV and crystal growth of ∼3.5 eV. We also show that the resulting h-BN film morphology is strongly affected by the heating method of borazane precursor and the buffer gas. Elucidation of these details facilitated synthesis of high quality large area monolayer hexagonal boron nitride by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition on copper using borazane as a precursor.
The paper investigates peculiarities of infection evolution and spreading models in non-uniform biological systems of individuals (humans, animals, plants) using the approach of mathematical ...modeling. The effects of different characteristic features are revealed. A robust tool for prediction of infection evolution (growth and spreading) under different external conditions is developed accounting for spatial non-uniformity of governing parameters.
•Peculiarities of infection evolution and spreading models in non-uniform systems studied.•Evolution of systems of individuals (humans, animals, plants) is subject for mathematical modeling.•The effects of different characteristic features are revealed.•A robust tool for prediction of infection evolution is developed accounting for spatial non-uniformity.
The paper investigates the interaction of femtosecond laser pulses with the thin films of copper, gold, and platinum. It considers electron-phonon relaxation processes and melting in the metal system ...nonequilibrium heated by laser radiation. Instead of the approximated formula by Wang et al. Phys. Rev. B 50, 8016 (1994), which is widely used to determine the temperature dependence of the electron-phonon coupling factor, we propose an improved approach for its more accurate calculation from first principles. Comparison with experiments and other calculations shows our approach to provide good calculation accuracy. Melting time versus absorbed energy density was estimated for the films and shown to be markedly sensitive to latent heat at low absorbed energy densities (<1 MJ/kg). Our calculations taken to study the temporal evolution of the (220) diffraction peak intensity after femtosecond irradiation show good agreement between experimental and theoretical data, which was attained due to higher accuracy in our determination of the temperature dependence electron-phonon coupling factor.
We consider a deterministic model of market evolution with trading constraints and apply a game-theoretic approach to the superhedging problem. We obtain sufficient conditions for the game ...equilibrium and prove under these conditions the existence of a Borel-measurable transition kernel describing dependence on price prehistory of the most unfavourable mixed strategy of the market.
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