Abstract Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), a family of angiogenic factors, are upregulated by nerve injuries. To clarify the extracellular signals involved in VEGF production in the brain, ...the effects of endothelins (ETs), a family of vasoconstricting peptides, were examined. I.c.v. administration of 500 pmol/d Ala1,3,11,15 -ET-1, an ETB receptor agonist, increased the level of VEGF-A mRNA in the rat cerebrum, whereas those of VEGF-B, placental growth factor (PLGF), angiopoietin (ANG)-1, and ANG-2 mRNAs were not largely affected by Ala1,3,11,15 -ET. The ET-induced increases in cerebrum VEGF-A mRNA were reduced by coadministration of 1 nmol/d BQ788, an ETB antagonist. Ala1,3,11,15 -ET-1 also stimulated the production of VEGF-A proteins in the cerebrum. Immunohistochemical observations in the cerebrum of Ala1,3,11,15 -ET-1-infused rats showed that glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes had VEGF-A immunoreactivity. Neurons, microglia, and brain capillary endothelial cells in the Ala1,3,11,15 -ET-1-infused rats did not show VEGF-A reactivity. The i.c.v. administration of Ala1,3,11,15 -ET-1 stimulated tyrosine phosphorylations of VEGF-R1 and R2 receptors in the rat cerebrum, whereas expression levels of total VEGF-R1 and R2 proteins were not largely changed. Immunoreactivity of tyrosine-phosphorylated VEGF-R1 was selectively shown in GFAP-positive astrocytes in the cerebrum of Ala1,3,11,15 -ET-1-infused rats. Tyrosine-phosphorylated VEGF-R2 proteins were present in astrocytes and brain capillary endothelial cells. These findings indicate that activation of brain ETB receptors increases production of VEGF-A and stimulates VEGF receptor signaling in the brain.
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), a family of angiogenic factors, are upregulated by nerve injuries. To clarify the extracellular signals involved in VEGF production in the brain, the ...effects of endothelins (ETs), a family of vasoconstricting peptides, were examined. I.c.v. administration of 500 pmol/d Ala(1,3,11,15)-ET-1, an ET(B) receptor agonist, increased the level of VEGF-A mRNA in the rat cerebrum, whereas those of VEGF-B, placental growth factor (PLGF), angiopoietin (ANG)-1, and ANG-2 mRNAs were not largely affected by Ala(1,3,11,15)-ET. The ET-induced increases in cerebrum VEGF-A mRNA were reduced by coadministration of 1 nmol/d BQ788, an ET(B) antagonist. Ala(1,3,11,15)-ET-1 also stimulated the production of VEGF-A proteins in the cerebrum. Immunohistochemical observations in the cerebrum of Ala(1,3,11,15)-ET-1-infused rats showed that glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes had VEGF-A immunoreactivity. Neurons, microglia, and brain capillary endothelial cells in the Ala(1,3,11,15)-ET-1-infused rats did not show VEGF-A reactivity. The i.c.v. administration of Ala(1,3,11,15)-ET-1 stimulated tyrosine phosphorylations of VEGF-R1 and R2 receptors in the rat cerebrum, whereas expression levels of total VEGF-R1 and R2 proteins were not largely changed. Immunoreactivity of tyrosine-phosphorylated VEGF-R1 was selectively shown in GFAP-positive astrocytes in the cerebrum of Ala(1,3,11,15)-ET-1-infused rats. Tyrosine-phosphorylated VEGF-R2 proteins were present in astrocytes and brain capillary endothelial cells. These findings indicate that activation of brain ET(B) receptors increases production of VEGF-A and stimulates VEGF receptor signaling in the brain.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar o desempenho reprodutivo de 211 porcas da linhagem Camborough 22â , de diferentes ordens de parto, submetidas à infusão transcervical de plasma seminal ou ...de estrógeno no início do estro. Após o desmame, elas foram examinadas duas vezes ao dia para a detecção do estro, na presença de um macho sexualmente maduro, e da ovulação, com auxílio da ultra-sonografia transcutânea. No início do estro as fêmeas receberam aleatoriamente uma infusão transcervical de plasma seminal, de estrógeno ou permaneceram como grupo-controle. Todas as fêmeas foram inseminadas no turno seguinte à detecção do estro, recebendo no máximo três inseminações com intervalos de 8 a 16h. No grupo-controle as fêmeas de primeiro parto ovularam mais precocemente que as fêmeas com maior número de partos (P<0,05). Os tratamentos não influenciaram a duração do estro e o momento da ovulação. O número total de leitões nascidos não diferiu entre os tratamentos.
The aim of this work was to evaluate the reproductive performance of sows from different parities after transcervical infusion of seminal plasma or oestrogen at onset of oestrus. Two hundred and eleven Camborough 22â sows were used and classified according to the parity. Oestrus detection was performed twice daily after weaning in the presence of a mature boar. The ovulation was detected with a transcutaneous ultrasonography. At onset of oestrus the sows were randomly infused with seminal plasma, oestrogen or not infused (control group). All the females were inseminated in a maximum of three times into 8 and 16 hours intervals. In the control group first parity females ovulated earlier than second or higher parity females (P<0.05). Treatments did not influence neither oestrus length nor ovulation time. Litter size was not different among treatments.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar o desempenho reprodutivo de 211 porcas da linhagem Camborough 22 â , de diferentes ordens de parto, submetidas à infusão transcervical de plasma seminal ou ...de estrógeno no início do estro. Após o desmame, elas foram examinadas duas vezes ao dia para a detecção do estro, na presença de um macho sexualmente maduro, e da ovulação, com auxílio da ultra-sonografia transcutânea. No início do estro as fêmeas receberam aleatoriamente uma infusão transcervical de plasma seminal, de estrógeno ou permaneceram como grupo-controle. Todas as fêmeas foram inseminadas no turno seguinte à detecção do estro, recebendo no máximo três inseminações com intervalos de 8 a 16h. No grupo-controle as fêmeas de primeiro parto ovularam mais precocemente que as fêmeas com maior número de partos (P<0,05). Os tratamentos não influenciaram a duração do estro e o momento da ovulação. O número total de leitões nascidos não diferiu entre os tratamentos.
The aim of this work was to evaluate the reproductive performance of sows from different parities after transcervical infusion of seminal plasma or oestrogen at onset of oestrus. Two hundred and eleven Camborough 22 â sows were used and classified according to the parity. Oestrus detection was performed twice daily after weaning in the presence of a mature boar. The ovulation was detected with a transcutaneous ultrasonography. At onset of oestrus the sows were randomly infused with seminal plasma, oestrogen or not infused (control group). All the females were inseminated in a maximum of three times into 8 and 16 hours intervals. In the control group first parity females ovulated earlier than second or higher parity females (P<0.05). Treatments did not influence neither oestrus length nor ovulation time. Litter size was not different among treatments.
An electrostatic time-of-flight detector named E-MCP has been developed for quick diagnostics of circulating beam and timing measurement in mass spectrometry at the Rare-RI Ring in RIKEN. The E-MCP ...detector consists of a conversion foil, potential grids, and a microchannel plate. Secondary electrons are released from the surface of the foil when a heavy ion hits it. The electrons are accelerated and deflected by 90∘ toward the microchannel plate by electrostatic potentials. A thin carbon foil and a thin aluminum-coated mylar foil were used as conversion foils. We obtained time resolutions of 69(1) ps and 43(1) ps (standard deviation) for a 84Kr beam at an energy of 170 MeV/u when using the carbon and the aluminum-coated mylar foils, respectively. A detection efficiency of approximately 90% was obtained for both foils. The E-MCP detector equipped with the carbon foil was installed inside the Rare-RI Ring to confirm particle circulation within a demonstration experiment on mass measurements of nuclei around 78Ge produced by in-flight fission of uranium beam at the RI Beam Factory in RIKEN. Periodic time signals from circulating ions were clearly observed. Revolution times for 78Ge, 77Ga, and 76Zn were obtained. The results confirmed successful circulation of the short-lived nuclei inside the Rare-RI Ring.
The nuclear shell structure, which originates in the nearly independent motion of nucleons in an average potential, provides an important guide for our understanding of nuclear structure and the ...underlying nuclear forces. Its most remarkable fingerprint is the existence of the so-called magic numbers of protons and neutrons associated with extra stability. Although the introduction of a phenomenological spin-orbit (SO) coupling force in 1949 helped in explaining the magic numbers, its origins are still open questions. Here, we present experimental evidence for the smallest SO-originated magic number (subshell closure) at the proton number six in
C obtained from systematic analysis of point-proton distribution radii, electromagnetic transition rates and atomic masses of light nuclei. Performing ab initio calculations on
C, we show that the observed proton distribution radii and subshell closure can be explained by the state-of-the-art nuclear theory with chiral nucleon-nucleon and three-nucleon forces, which are rooted in the quantum chromodynamics.
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