Land-use change results from the decisions of diverse actors in response to economic and political contexts. Identification of underlying decision-making processes is key to understanding land-use ...patterns, anticipating trends, and designing effective environmental governance mechanisms. Here, we use a scenario-based decision game to examine hypothetical land-use decisions among four groups of rural producers in the municipalities of Sinop, Guarantã do Norte and Novo Progresso in the Brazilian Amazon. We simulate changes in agricultural prices, production cost, and frequency of environmental monitoring (in situ inspections) to understand how land-use decisions are made and change with shifts in economic and governance incentives. Hypothetical land-use decisions vary across scenarios, but not across study sites; environmental law enforcement influence land decisions, but not to the extent of dominating market factors and not for all types of producers. Decision games cannot substitute approaches to explain behavioral responses from observational data. However, they can provide immediate feedback on behavioral hypotheses before comprehensive observational data becomes available and support the development of models for land-use policy planning at local and regional scales.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is usually taught in universities through theoretical lectures and simulations on mannequins with low retention of knowledge and skills. New teaching methodologies have ...been used to improve the learning, placing the student at the center of the process. Likewise, the outside community knows next to nothing about cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Patients who have an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest will die if the effective maneuvers are not promptly done. Learning by teaching could be a way to answer both requirements. It was therefore decided to evaluate whether the medical students' cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance would improve when they teach other people, and if those people could learn with them effectively.
A non-randomized controlled trial was designed to assess whether teaching Basic Life Support would increase students' learning. Socially engaged, seeking to disseminate knowledge, 92 medical students were trained in Basic Life Support and who subsequently trained 240 community health professionals. The students performed theoretical and practical pre- and post-tests whereas the health professionals performed theoretical pre- and post-tests and one practical test. In order to assess the impact of teaching on students' learning, they were divided into two groups: a case group, with 53 students, reassessed after teaching health professionals, and a control group, with 39 students, reassessed before teaching.
The practical students' performance of the case group went from 13.3 ± 2.1 to 15.3 ± 1.2 (maximum = 17, p < 0.001) and theoretical from 10.1 ± 3.0 to 16.4 ± 1.7 (maximum = 20, p < 0.001) while the performance of the control group went from 14.4 ± 1.6 to 14.4 ± 1.4 (p = 0.877) and from 11.2 ± 2.6 to 15.0 ± 2.3 (p < 0.001), respectively. The theoretical performance of the health professionals changed from 7.9 ± 3.6 to 13.3 ± 3.2 (p < 0.001) and the practical performance was 11.7 ± 3.2.
The students who passed through the teaching activity had a theoretical and practical performance superior to that of the control group. The community was able to learn from the students. The study demonstrated that the didactic activity can be an effective methodology of learning, besides allowing the dissemination of knowledge. The University, going beyond its academic boundaries, performs its social responsibility.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de extratos vegetais e da manipueira no controle de Meloidogyne javanica em jiloeiro. Foram aplicados os seguintes tratamentos: 1) controle (50 mL de ...água destilada), 2) extrato vegetal de Cymbopogon citratus (EVCC 50 mL, 0,3 g.mL-1), 3) extrato vegetal de Chenopodium ambrosioides (EVCA 50 mL, 0,3 g.mL-1), 4) extrato vegetal de Ricinus communis (EVRC 50 mL, 0,3 g.mL-1), 5) resíduo industrial de Manihot esculenta (RIME 50 mL, 0,3 g.mL-1). Aos 60 dias da inoculação, avaliaram-se as variáveis vegetativas: altura de planta (ALT), massa da matéria fresca de parte aérea (MFPA) e de raízes (MFR), massa da matéria seca de parte aérea (MSPA) e nematológicas: índice de galhas (IG) e número de ovos (NO). A utilização dos estratos de plantas e manipueira apresentaram uma tendência de melhorar o desenvolvimento das plantas infectadas pelo nematoide. Os extratos reduziram a reprodução de M. javanica, com destaque para o EVCA reduziu em 57,51% o NO do nematoide em relação ao tratamento controle. Conclui-se que o EVCA foi o mais eficiente em reduzir a população de M. javanica, de modo que apresenta o potencial de ser utilizado como uma alternativa de controle deste nematoide.
Apesar de ser uma doença multifatorial, estudos indicam que a depressão pode estar associada a exposição a agrotóxicos. Objetivou-se descrever o perfil, aspectos de vida, trabalho e adoecimento de ...mulheres depressivas expostas a agrotóxicos em um município localizado no Oeste do Paraná. Trata-se de pesquisa descritiva, qualitativa com 10 mulheres por meio de entrevista com uma questão norteadora, no período de março a abril de 2017.com análise temática. As mulheres tinham entre 18 e 65 anos de idade, baixa escolaridade e estavam inseridas no mercado de trabalho. A partir da análise das informações identificaram-se as seguintes temáticas: Início da vida laboral na infância, exposição a agrotóxicos durante longo período da vida sem proteção, aspectos da vida e do trabalho, história de exposição e intoxicação por agrotóxicos e; adoecimento por depressão. Sugerem-se estudos epidemiológicos e clínicos complementares sobre a relação desse fenômeno com o desenvolvimento de transtornos de humor.
The objective of this work was to determine the mineral content of honey and pollen of the Brazilian native Jataí bee (Tetragonisca angustula) sampled at nine sites in the so-called Iron Quadrangle ...region of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Twenty chemical elements were determined in the honey and pollen samples: Al, Ba, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, Ga, In, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn. Analysis of the data using ANOVA and Tukey's test (p = .05) revealed statistically significant differences between the mineral contents of honey and pollen, as well as between the samples from different locations. The score plot and loading plot diagrams from factor analysis with Varimax rotation were able to classify the honey and pollen samples according to their geographical origin. The factor analysis separated the sites according to the similarities of the chemical concentrations. These results were related to the geogenic and anthropic contributions of the sites. Therefore, honey and pollen of Jataí bees could also serve as bioindicators.
ABSTRACT The phytonematodes seriously harm plants worldwide, reducing agricultural productivity, especially root-knot nematodes, genus Meloidogyne. An alternative form of control for this pathogen is ...the use of essential oils, which have a complex mixture of compounds with potential nematicidal activity. The objective of this work was to identify the chemical compounds present in the essential oil of pequi and to verify the efficiency of the oil in the control of Meloidogyne javanica. The identification of chemical compounds was performed by comparing the mass spectra obtained with the spectra present in the equipment library, Nist08. Eighty-second stage juveniles (J2) were incubated in the following treatments: control 0 (2 mL of distilled water) 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg L-1 of pequi essential oil (PEO). The results obtained in the experiment were significant, with a high percentage of mortality of J2 in the treatment T5 (16 mg L-1) of 82% and T3 (4 mg L-1) 66%, respectively. Among the compounds identified, 58.3% are esters, highlight for ethyl hexanoate, and 25.0% are monoterpenes, and all are nematicidal compounds. Pequi essential oil has the potential to be used in the control of M. javanica.
Increasing demand for water is one of the most challenging problems that human societies face today and has encouraged new studies to examine water security and water management. Seeking to discuss ...this important issue in the Brazilian context, we analyzed the impacts of urban expansion on water security in a basin located in the most populated region of Brazil. To quantify increased water demand, we combined urban sprawl and regional population increase projections. In this context, our study contributes to discussions on water security by addressing the importance of integration between water and urban planning. Simulations indicate good performance in reproducing actual water system conditions. The finding demonstrates that urban expansion in the region is mainly driven by road proximity. Urban occupation is projected to increase in 170% by 2050, increasing water demands for domestic use in 38%. Results indicate the feasibility of including landscape and socioeconomic constrains in order to obtain potential domestic water demand scenarios by using land use and land cover change modelling to assess urban expansion and population growth. For the study region, our findings suggest that although urban sprawl increases water demand, urban supply will not be compromised given the large volume of available water in the basin. However, the indirect consequences of urban sprawl, such as industrialization and agricultural intensification, may compromise the quality of this resource and require better water use management in the region.
Display omitted
•To estimate water consumption, we integrated LUCC scenarios with demographic data.•Results showed good agreement of the estimation of urban sprawl and water consumption.•The main driver of urban sprawl expansion is the access to the transportation network.•LUCC scenarios indicate a 38% growth in consumption and withdrawal flows by 2050.
Display omitted
•Two main clades were recovered with mtDNA and shotgun sequences: one in the Amazon Basin whitesand savannas, the other in the non-Amazonian savannas.•The white-sand and non-Amazonian ...lineages likely became isolated and separated about 1 million years ago.•The non-Amazonian lineages became more divergent, possibly connecting and dispersing across the mouth of the Amazon River during favorable climatic conditions in the Pleistocene.
The Least Nighthawk Chordeiles pusillus is widespread wherever there are savannas in the South American tropics, often in isolated patches, such as white-sands savannas in the Amazon rainforest realm. Here, we investigate genetic relationships between populations of the Least Nighthawk to understand historical processes leading to its diversification and to determine dispersal routes between northern and southern savannas by way of three hypothesized dispersal corridors by comparing samples from white-sand savannas to samples from other savannas outside of the Amazon rainforest region. We use 32 mtDNA samples from the range of C. pusillus to infer a dated phylogeny. In a subset of 17 samples, we use shotgun sequences to infer a distance-based phylogeny and to estimate individual admixture proportions. We calculate gene flow and shared alleles between white-sand and non-Amazonian populations using the ABBA-BABA test (D statistics), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to examine genetic structure within and between lineages. Finally, we use species distribution modelling (SDM) of conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), currently, and in the future (2050–2080) to predict potential species occurrence under a climate change scenario. Two main clades (estimated to have diverged around 1.07 million years ago) were recovered with mtDNA sequences and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs) and were supported by NGSadmix and PCA: one in the Amazon basin white-sand savannas, the other in the non-Amazonian savannas. Possible allele sharing between these clades was indicated by the D-statistics between northern non-Amazonian populations and the white-sand savanna population, but this was not corroborated by the admixture analyses. Dispersal among northern non-Amazonian populations may have occurred in a dry corridor between the Guianan and the Brazilian Shield, which has since moved eastward. Our data suggest that the lineages separated well before the Last Glacial Maximum, consequently dispersal could have happened at any earlier time during similar climatic conditions. Subsequently, non-Amazonian lineages became more divergent among themselves, possibly connecting and dispersing across the mouth of the Amazon River across Marajó island during favourable climatic conditions in the Pleistocene.
Human impacts outpace natural processes in the Amazon Albert, James S; Carnaval, Ana C; Flantua, Suzette G A ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
01/2023, Volume:
379, Issue:
6630
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Amazonian environments are being degraded by modern industrial and agricultural activities at a pace far above anything previously known, imperiling its vast biodiversity reserves and globally ...important ecosystem services. The most substantial threats come from regional deforestation, because of export market demands, and global climate change. The Amazon is currently perched to transition rapidly from a largely forested to a nonforested landscape. These changes are happening much too rapidly for Amazonian species, peoples, and ecosystems to respond adaptively. Policies to prevent the worst outcomes are known and must be enacted immediately. We now need political will and leadership to act on this information. To fail the Amazon is to fail the biosphere, and we fail to act at our peril.
The possibility that the Amazon forest system could soon reach a tipping point, inducing large-scale collapse, has raised global concern
. For 65 million years, Amazonian forests remained relatively ...resilient to climatic variability. Now, the region is increasingly exposed to unprecedented stress from warming temperatures, extreme droughts, deforestation and fires, even in central and remote parts of the system
. Long existing feedbacks between the forest and environmental conditions are being replaced by novel feedbacks that modify ecosystem resilience, increasing the risk of critical transition. Here we analyse existing evidence for five major drivers of water stress on Amazonian forests, as well as potential critical thresholds of those drivers that, if crossed, could trigger local, regional or even biome-wide forest collapse. By combining spatial information on various disturbances, we estimate that by 2050, 10% to 47% of Amazonian forests will be exposed to compounding disturbances that may trigger unexpected ecosystem transitions and potentially exacerbate regional climate change. Using examples of disturbed forests across the Amazon, we identify the three most plausible ecosystem trajectories, involving different feedbacks and environmental conditions. We discuss how the inherent complexity of the Amazon adds uncertainty about future dynamics, but also reveals opportunities for action. Keeping the Amazon forest resilient in the Anthropocene will depend on a combination of local efforts to end deforestation and degradation and to expand restoration, with global efforts to stop greenhouse gas emissions.
PDF
