Consuming raw milk and milk-based products that have not been produced under strict control conditions can cause brucellosis, a highly contagious zoonotic disease. It is a significant global public ...health concern, particularly in regions with poor management and limited resources, such as Latin America, North and East Africa, the Middle East, and South and Central Asia. The study aims to summarize the occurrence of human brucellosis linked to milk and milk products and the presence of Brucella species in dairy foods. To achieve this goal, a meta-analysis was conducted on 69 studies ranging from 2001 to 2022, which were categorized into two groups: the incidence of Brucella species in milk and milk products and the prevalence of human brucellosis resulting from the consumption of contaminated milk. The following milk and milk products showed the highest incidence of Brucella species: cow milk (1.86%–81.7%), buffalo milk (10.4%–61.67%), camel milk (0%–24%), goat milk (0%–88.8%), and cheese (0%–39.1%). Consuming unpasteurized milk and milk products has been identified as the leading cause of human brucellosis, with incidence rates varying from 33.9% to 100%. Several human brucellosis cases have been linked to consuming raw milk and cheese in Spain, Israel, and other countries. Various serological techniques are employed to detect Brucella-specific antibodies in milk. The milk ring test (MRT) and enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) are the two most widely utilized methods for detecting these antibodies in milk. Recently developed dual biosensors are a powerful approach for early diagnosis of Brucella from milk. Real-time PCR can rapidly detect organisms, reducing the risk of lab contamination and false positive results. To prevent and control brucellosis, essential steps include proper pasteurization of milk and dairy products, using the milk ring test (MRT) to detect Brucella in individual and bulk milk, immunization, education, and increasing public awareness of the disease. The consumption of raw milk and milk-made products that are not produced under strictly controlled conditions poses a significant risk to human health, mainly due to the high incidence of Brucella contamination. Therefore, ensuring strict control measures in producing milk and milk-made products is crucial to preventing the spread of this disease and safeguarding human health.
•This review work provides an up-to date information regarding the nanocellulose production from biomass by mechanical process.•A special focus is devoted to the pretreatment of lignocellulosic ...biomass for less energy consumption.•Application of nanocellulose-based materials for high performance nanobiocomposites and nanopaper technology are presented and discussed.•Chronology, challenges and obstacles of nanocellulose are discussed.
Nanofibrillated cellulose from biomass has recently gained attention owing to their biodegradable nature, low density, high mechanical properties, economic value and renewability. Although they still suffer from two major drawbacks. The first challenge is the exploration of raw materials and its application in nanocomposites production. Second one is high energy consumption regarding the mechanical fibrillation. However, pretreatments before mechanical isolation can overcome this problem. Hydrophilic nature of nano-size cellulose fibers restricts good dispersion of these materials in hydrophobic polymers and therefore, leads to lower mechanical properties. Surface modification before or after mechanical defibrillation could be a solution for this problem. Additionally, drying affects the size of nanofibers and its properties which needs to study further. This review focuses on recent developments in pretreatments, nanofibrillated cellulose production and its application in nanopaper applications, coating additives, security papers, food packaging, and surface modifications and also for first time its drying.
Healthcare waste comprises the waste generated by healthcare facilities, medical laboratories and biomedical research facilities. Improper treatment of this waste poses serious risks of disease ...transmission to waste pickers, waste workers, health workers, patients, and the community in general through exposure to infectious agents. Poor management of the waste emits harmful and deleterious contaminants into society. However, contamination of highly contagious agents such as the COVID-19 virus has created enormous instability in healthcare waste handling and subsequent recycling because of the volume of the waste generated and its contagious nature. Several countries have adopted safety measures to combat this contamination and manage healthcare waste; however, these measures are insufficient and vary depending on the context of the country. In addition, the WHO has set out guidelines for management of healthcare waste. These guidelines are helping to manage the highly contagious healthcare waste resulting from the current pandemic. Proper healthcare waste management may add value by reducing the spread of the COVID-19 virus and increasing the recyclability of materials instead of sending them to landfill. Disinfecting and sorting out healthcare waste facilitates sustainable management and allows their utilization for valuable purposes. This review discusses the different healthcare solid waste management strategies practiced in different countries, the challenges faced during this management, and the possible solutions for overcoming these challenges. It also provides useful insights into healthcare solid waste management scenarios during the COVID-19 pandemic and a possible way forward.
Display omitted
•Healthcare wastes have increased tremendously during COVID-19 pandemic.•Improper management of healthcare waste aids in transmission of COVID-19 virus.•Safety measures of waste workers and sanitization are pivotal for management.•On-site treatment and temporary storage reduce the burden of healthcare wastes.•Proper management practices alleviate landfill issues and further spread of virus.
Classified as a pandemic by the World Health Organization, the novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) has spread to Bangladesh since early March of 2020, and people are getting daily updates from the ...social and electronic media. We aimed at assessing the prevalence of anxiety among Bangladeshi people during the pandemic in connection with social media exposure (SME) and electronic media exposure (EME). For this cross-sectional study, data were collected from 880 participants by a self-administered online-based questionnaire relating personal characteristics, self-rate health (SRH), SME, and EME with anxiety. Findings show that around half of the surveyed population experienced a spike of anxiety (49.1%) during the pandemic, ten times higher than the national anxiety rate in 2019. The participants with an increased SME of over four hours per day experienced a higher level of anxiety than individuals with < = 2 hours exposure to social media. Similarly, the anxiety was higher among people with fair/bad SRH compared to individuals with excellent SRH. It is highly recommended to develop active surveillance and effective monitoring systems to reduce the spread of misinformation from both social and electronic media to improve the state of mental health conditions during the pandemic.
The recent outbreak of viral zoonotic disease-monkeypox-caused by the monkeypox virus, has infected many people worldwide. This study aims to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) ...concerning monkeypox among university students in Bangladesh. Data were collected using purposive snowball sampling from 887 university students through an online survey using Google Form. The participants were mostly in their twenties (M = 22.33 SD 2.01 years), and they spent, on average, 2.59 SD 1.91 hours/day on electronic and social media. The participants generally showed moderate knowledge (39.5%), low attitude (25.1%), and moderate practice (48.6%) toward monkeypox, with 47.6% having had a moderate KAP score. Findings further showed that personal attributes of university students, i.e., age, sex, year of schooling, residence, living status, geographical distribution, e.g., division, were statistically and significantly associated with knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding monkeypox and overall KAP score. It is also apparent that health status, susceptibility to monkeypox, and exposure to social media were the most common factors significantly associated with knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding monkeypox and overall KAP score. The current study's findings underscore the need for developing appropriate information, education, and communication (IEC) materials and their dissemination, which could play an important role in reducing the risk of monkeypox and similar other infectious diseases, particularly among students in Bangladesh.
To examine awareness, treatment, and control of diabetes mellitus among the adult population in Bangladesh.
The study used data from the 2011 nationally representative Bangladesh Demographic and ...Health Survey (BDHS). The BDHS sample is comprised of 7,786 adults aged 35 years or older. The primary outcome variables were fasting blood glucose, diagnosis, treatment, and control of diabetes. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to identify the risk factors for diabetes awareness.
Overall, age-standardized prevalence of diabetes was 9.2%. Among subjects with diabetes, 41.2% were aware of their condition, 36.9% were treated, and 14.2% controlled their condition. A significant inequality in diabetes management was found from poor to wealthy households: 18.2% to 63.2% (awareness), 15.8% to 56.6% (treatment), and 8.2% to 18.4% (control). Multilevel models suggested that participants who had a lower education and lower economic condition were less likely to be aware of their diabetes. Poor management was observed among non-educated, low-income groups, and those who lived in the northwestern region.
Diabetes has become a national health concern in Bangladesh; however, treatment and control are quite low. Improving detection, awareness, and treatment strategies is urgently needed to prevent the growing burden associated with diabetes.
•Tannins are important natural bioactive compounds found them in different forms.•Tannins are categorized into two types, i.e., condensed and hydrolyzable tannins; the sources of tannins are mainly ...barks, leaves, seeds and stems. However, tannins are also available in foodstuffs, i.e., tea, grape etc.•Condensed tannins are the most dominant one in the world market.•Wide range of solvents, i.e., water, methanol, ethanol, acetone and ionic liquids, and technologies, i.e., water, pressurized hot water, gamma assisted, infrared assisted and ultrasonic extraction are used for extracting tannins.•Tannins have many different applications largely in tanning industry, but they have some other advanced applications, such as, 3D printing, food supplement, medicines.
Tannins are found in most of the species throughout the plant kingdom, where their functions are to protect the plant against predation and might help in regulating the plant growth. There are two major groups of tannins, i.e., hydrolyzable and condensed tannins. The tannins are being used as important and effective chemicals for the tanning of animal hides in the leather processing industry since the beginning of the industry. Additionally, the tannins have been using as mineral absorption and protein precipitation purposes since 1960s. These are also used for iron gall ink production, adhesive production in wood-based industry, anti-corrosive chemical production, uranium recovering chemical from seawater, and removal of mercury and methylmercury from solution. Presently, tannins are considering as bioactive compound in nutrition science. It has also been considered for advanced applications, i.e., 3D printing and biomedical devices. The application of tannins as medicine is another new dimension in medical science. This paper outlines the general information about tannins followed by their extraction process. The utilization of tannins has also been presented in a broader scale. Depending on all these information, the article also describes the impending utilization of tannins for ensuring high-sustainability and better environmental performance.
Background
Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the government of Bangladesh implemented strict non-therapeutic measures, i.e., “social distancing,” “lockdown,” “work from home,” in the ...first quarter of 2020. Like other professionals, teachers at schools, colleges and universities were confined within households. However, the introduction of online education imposed an additional burden on teachers along with growing household responsibilities, thus, affecting their psychological state.
Aims
This study was aimed to explore the prevalence of mental health problems among teachers in Bangladesh and to identify the associated risk factors.
Methods
This web-based cross-sectional study was conducted during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. Data were collected from 381 teachers working at schools, colleges, and universities between 01 August and 29 August 2021 by administering a self-reported e-questionnaire using Google Form, where the mental health of teachers was assessed by depression, anxiety, and stress scale. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 26) and STATA Version 16, and multiple linear regression was executed to predict mental health problems among teachers.
Results
The findings indicate that the overall prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among teachers was 35.4%, 43.7%, and 6.6%, respectively. The prevalence was higher among male and older teachers than among their female and younger colleagues. The findings further showed that place of residence, institution, self-reported health, usage of social and electronic media, and fear of COVID-19 significantly influenced the mental health status of teachers.
Conclusion
It is strongly recommended that the government and policymakers provide proper mental health services to teachers in order to reduce mental health problems and thus sustain the quality of education during and after the pandemic.
•New adsorbents were prepared by combining chitosan and poly(1-vinylimidazole) using a facile technique.•High adsorption capacity was observed with the new adsorbent.•Synergistic effect was realized ...from chitosan and poly(1-vinylimidazole).•Interaction mechanism was also evaluated.
Chitosan and poly(1-vinylimidazole) are both potential adsorbents to remove Cr(VI). Here, we designed the preparation of new adsorbents by combining chitosan and poly(1-vinylimidazole) to get the synergistic effect for the removal of hexavalent chromium. Trimethoxysilyl group terminated poly(1-vinylimidazole)-modified-chitosan composite was successfully synthesized by one-step free radical polymerization based on the grafting backbone of chitosan and vinylimidazole. The resulting adsorbents were used for the removal of Cr(VI) ions from the aqueous solution. The modified chitosan composite was characterized by ATR, FTIR, BET isotherm studies, elemental analysis, TGA, DSC, FE-SEM, and EDX. ATR. FTIR results confirmed the presence of the imidazole group in modified chitosan. The adsorption results were described by the Langmuir isotherm model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 196.1 mg/g for modified chitosan, however, the chitosan yielded 151.5 mg/g. It has been observed that the adsorption of chromium fitted better with the pseudo-second-order kinetics. The modified chitosan composite exhibited greater adsorption capacity than chitosan for hexavalent chromium and has potential application for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution containing other common ions with regeneration ability. This novel approach of modifying chitosan with telomerized poly(1-vinyl imidazole) offers potential application in wastewater treatment of different industries releasing Cr (VI).
Malaria, a life-threatening disease worldwide, can be diagnosed using antigen tests and microscopy tests. However, both of them are erroneous and time-consuming. Therefore, a trustworthy and fast ...early malaria prognosis infrastructure is required. In this age of machine learning (ML), there are several ML-based methods to do the task. This paper proposes an unorthodox method for malaria prognosis based on an extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithm. In this regard, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), ELM, and double hidden layer (DELM) have been used as classifiers. A CNN model has been used as a feature extractor and also as a classifier to perform a comparative study. The derived features have been used to train ELM and DELM. Two versions of the malaria image dataset have been used: one is the original dataset, and the other is a modified dataset where ambiguous samples have been removed. The parasite inflator acts as the shape increaser of the small, darker malaria parasites in the RBC images in order to detect malaria easily. CNN-DELM has achieved a sanguine result on every performance standard compared to CNN and CNN-ELM. The proposed CNN-DELM method has achieved 97.79% and 99.66% accuracy for the original version and the modified version, respectively. Hence, the proposed CNN-DELM model has also produced either comparable or better results when compared to other methods proposed in the literature, showing its robustness in detecting malaria.
PDF
