Background.Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a known risk factor for tuberculosis (TB), and with the increasing prevalence of type 2 DM in less developed regions, many patients with TB will have concomitant ...DM. Presently, little is known about the effect of DM on the clinical presentation and treatment outcome of TB. Methods.In an urban setting in Indonesia, 737 patients with pulmonary TB were screened for DM and were followed up prospectively during TB treatment. Clinical characteristics and outcome were compared between patients with TB who had DM and patients with TB who did not have DM. Results.DM was diagnosed in 14.8% of patients with TB and was associated with older age and a greater body weight. On presentation, diabetic patients with TB had more symptoms but had no evidence of more-severe TB. After 2 months, results of sputum microscopic examination was more often positive in diabetic patients (18.1% vs. 10.0%). After 6 months, 22.2% of cultured sputum specimens from diabetic patients were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (adjusted odds ratio, 7.65; P = .004). Conclusion.DM seems to have a negative effect on the outcome of TB treatment. The underlying mechanisms for the different response to treatment in diabetic patients with TB must be explored. Screening for DM and subsequent glycemic control may improve the outcome of TB treatment.
Some anti-malarial drugs often cause haemolytic anaemia in glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDd) patients. This study aims to analyse the association of G6PDd and anaemia in malaria ...patients receiving anti-malarial drugs.
A literature search was performed in major database portals. All studies searched using keywords with Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) were included, without date or language restriction. Pooled mean difference of haemoglobin and risk ratio of anaemia were analysed using RevMan.
Sixteen studies comprising 3474 malaria patients that included 398 (11.5%) with G6PDd were found. Mean difference of haemoglobin in G6PDd/G6PD normal (G6PDn) patients was - 0.16 g/dL (95% CI - 0.48, 0.15; I
5%, p = 0.39), regardless of the type of malaria and dose of drugs. In particular with primaquine (PQ), mean difference of haemoglobin in G6PDd/G6PDn patients with dose < 0.5 mg/kg/day was - 0.04 (95% CI - 0.35, 0.27; I
0%, p = 0.69). The risk ratio of developing anaemia in G6PDd patients was 1.02 (95% CI 0.75, 1.38; I
0%, p = 0.79).
Single or daily standard doses of PQ (0.25 mg/kg/day) and weekly PQ (0.75 mg/kg/week) did not increase the risk of anaemia in G6PDd patients.
Background. Type 2 diabetes (DM) is a strong risk factor for tuberculosis (TB) and is associated with a slower response to TB treatment and a higher mortality rate. Because lower concentrations of ...anti-TB drugs may be a contributing factor, we compared the pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in patients with TB, with and without DM. Methods. Seventeen adult Indonesian patients with TB and DM and 17 age- and sex-matched patients with TB and without DM were included in the study during the continuation phase of TB treatment. All patients received 450 mg of rifampicin (10 mg/kg) and 600 mg of isoniazid 3 times weekly. Steady-state plasma concentrations of rifampicin and its metabolite desacetylrifampicin were assessed at 0, 2, 4, and 6 h after drug intake. Results. Geometric means of rifampicin exposure (AUC0–6 h) were 12.3 mg × h/L (95% confidence interval CI, 8.0–24.2) in patients with TB and DM, and 25.9 mg × h/L (95% CI, 21.4–40.2) in patients with TB only (P = .003). Similar differences were found for the maximum concentration of rifampicin. No significant differences in time to maximum concentration of rifampicin were observed. The AUC0–6 h of desacetylrifampicin was also much lower in patients with TB and DM versus patients with TB only (geometric mean, 0.60 vs. 3.2 mg × h/L; P = .001). Linear regression analysis revealed that higher body weight (P < .001), the presence of DM (P = .06), and plasma glucose concentration (P = .016) were correlated with exposure to rifampicin. Conclusion. Exposure (AUC0–6 h) to rifampicin was 53% lower in Indonesian patients with TB and DM, compared with patients with TB only. Patients with TB and DM who have a higher body weight may need a higher dose of rifampicin.
Indonesia is a rapidly growing middle-income country with 262 million inhabitants from more than 300 ethnic and 730 language groups spread over 17 744 islands, and presents unique challenges for ...health systems and universal health coverage (UHC). From 1960 to 2001, the centralised health system of Indonesia made gains as medical care infrastructure grew from virtually no primary health centres to 20 900 centres. Life expectancy improved from 48 to 69 years, infant mortality decreased from 76 deaths per 1000 livebirths to 23 per 1000, and the total fertility rate decreased from 5·61 to 2·11. However, gains across the country were starkly uneven with major health gaps, such as the stagnant maternal mortality of around 300 deaths per 100 000 livebirths, and minimal change in neonatal mortality. The centralised one size fits all approach did not address the complexity and diversity in population density and dispersion across islands, diets, diseases, local living styles, health beliefs, human development, and community participation. Decentralisation of governance to 354 districts in 2001, and currently 514 districts, further increased health system heterogeneity and exacerbated equity gaps. The novel UHC system introduced in 2014 focused on accommodating diversity with flexible and adaptive implementation features and quick evidence-driven decisions based on changing needs. The UHC system grew rapidly and covers 203 million people, the largest single-payer scheme in the world, and has improved health equity and service access. With early success, challenges have emerged, such as the so-called missing-middle group, a term used to designate the smaller number of people who have enrolled in UHC in wealth quintiles Q2–Q3 than in other quintiles, and the low UHC coverage of children from birth to age 4 years. Moreover, high costs for non-communicable diseases warrant new features for prevention and promotion of healthy lifestyles, and investment in a robust integrated digital health-information system for front-line health workers is crucial for impact and sustainability. This Review describes the innovative UHC initiative of Indonesia along with the future roadmap required to meet sustainable development goals by 2030.
Little is known about diagnostic and antibiotic use practices in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) before and during COVID-19 pandemic. This information is crucial for monitoring and evaluation ...of diagnostic and antimicrobial stewardships in healthcare facilities.
We linked and analyzed routine databases of hospital admission, microbiology laboratory and drug dispensing of Indonesian National Referral Hospital from 2019 to 2020. Patients were classified as COVID-19 cases if their SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR result were positive. Blood culture (BC) practices and time to discontinuation of parenteral antibiotics among inpatients who received a parenteral antibiotic for at least four consecutive days were used to assess diagnostic and antibiotic use practices, respectively. Fine and Grey subdistribution hazard model was used.
Of 1,311 COVID-19 and 58,917 non-COVID-19 inpatients, 333 (25.4%) and 18,837 (32.0%) received a parenteral antibiotic for at least four consecutive days. Proportion of patients having BC taken within ±1 calendar day of parenteral antibiotics being started was higher in COVID-19 than in non-COVID-19 patients (21.0% 70/333 vs. 18.7% 3,529/18,837; p<0.001). Cumulative incidence of having a BC taken within 28 days was higher in COVID-19 than in non-COVID-19 patients (44.7% 149/333 vs. 33.2% 6,254/18,837; adjusted subdistribution-hazard ratio aSHR 1.71, 95% confidence interval CI 1.47-1.99, p<0.001). The median time to discontinuation of parenteral antibiotics was longer in COVID-19 than in non-COVID-19 patients (13 days vs. 8 days; aSHR 0.73, 95%Cl 0.65-0.83, p<0.001).
Routine electronic data could be used to inform diagnostic and antibiotic use practices in LMICs. In Indonesia, the proportion of timely blood culture is low in both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients, and duration of parenteral antibiotics is longer in COVID-19 patients. Improving diagnostic and antimicrobial stewardship is critically needed.
Dengue viral infection remains a major public health problem. As many as 400 million people are infected yearly. Even though the vaccine is available, the use of dengue vaccine is still limited due ...to some concerns. Among patient infected with dengue viral infection, early recognition of the virus and prompt supportive treatment are important to avoid complication and mortality.The clinical spectrum of dengue viral infection is diverse ranging from undifferentiated fever to dengue shock syndrome characterized by plasma leak and hemoconcentration. No specific antiviral therapy is available. Therefore, anticipation of complication should be performed adequately.The most dangerous complication of dengue infection is shock syndrome. Hypothetically the occurrence of shock is a result of secondary viral infection. The manifestation of increased vascular permeability and low intravascular volume lead to the development of shock. In addition to that, another complex mechanism underlies the occurrence of shock such as endothelial dysfunction that could happened abruptly. No specific method exists to identify this condition as early as possible.During dengue infection, fever can be last between 2 and 7 days. The localized plasma leakage could happen and manifested as a pleural effusion fluid accumulation in abdominal cavity or hemoconcentration. This will only last for 48 hours and will be resolved later spontaneously. Severity of leakage varies among patients and the unanticipated of leakage due to failure to recognize and treat this manifestation related to mortality.Most of the fatal cases of dengue are related to late detection of the illness as shown by massive hemorrhage and severe intravascular volume depletion. The role of dendritic cells is as the initiator of immune response that facilitate virus uptake. On the other hand, the non-neutralize cross reactive antibodies will increase virus uptake and resulted in more viral replication. Some studies showed higher NS1 protein were found in patients with more severe disease. In addition to that antibody to NS1 could bind to the endothelial cells and lead to apoptosis of these cells. Both host and viral factors contribute to the severity of the illness.One of the important factors for dengue viral infection is the capacity of clinicians to identify the risk factors for shock. Studies reported that female, infants, elderly, patients with concomitant diseases are prone to have more severe infection. Virus serotype and genetic susceptibility may also contribute but the evidence is still limited. So, those are not sensitive enough be used in clinical setting.Besides those, after the diagnosis of with dengue infection based on WHO criteria and confirmation by serology detection or viral material in the blood, no specific sign and symptoms are available to determine any potential severity. There were studies performed to monitor the plasma leakage using mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) instead of hematocrit values. Rapid intervention can be administered by monitoring MAP to avoid deleterious consequences.The classification of WHO 1997 or 2009 were not able to detect the plasma leakage earlier. Nainggolan et al presented the resulted of their observation among early dengue infection which was the occurrence of gallbladder wall thickening as a manifestation of plasma leakage. Ultrasonographic measurement is valuable and applicable to detect plasma leakage in earlier phase with positive likelihood ratio 2.14 (95% CI 1.12 - 4.12). Similar report from Indonesia also showed the role of ultrasonography in dengue.
HIV, hepatitis B and C, and syphilis share common transmission routes of which primarily unsafe sexual contact and injecting drug use are important. Impulsivity is a major factor contributing to this ...transmission risk behavior; however comprehensive studies within female, prison, and Asian populations are scarce. This cross-sectional study aims to delineate the contributions of different aspects of impulsivity to risk behavior, among female inmates living in a prison in Jakarta (N = 214). The relationships between various aspects of impulsivity, risk behaviors and seropositivity were tested using analyses of variance and logistic regression analyses. Motor impulsivity was related to alcohol use, reward-related impulsivity to drug use, and cognitive/goal-directed impulsivity to sexual risk behavior. Finally, goal-directed impulsivity was also directly associated with seropositivity. Specific aspects of impulsivity are associated with different types of risk behavior in Indonesian female prisoners, which can be relevant for future studies on infection prevention strategies for such a population.
Mpox is caused by the Monkeypox virus, which belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus and Poxviridae family. The Monkeypox virus was first identified as a cause of disease in humans in the 1970s in the ...Democratic Republic of the Congo. Mpox was considered endemic in several African countries. A global outbreak of Mpox was first recognized in Europe in May 2022 and was declared a public health emergency of international concern on July 23, 2022. The first reported Mpox case in Indonesia was in October 2022 which was identified as an imported case, there were no new confirmed Mpox cases until 13 October 2023. Since then there were 72 cases of confirmed Mpox cases in Indonesia by the end of 2023, distributed across 6 provinces, mostly in the Java island.We present two different spectrums of Mpox skin lesions in patients living with HIV, with a positive polymerase chain reaction test for Mpox. The first patient is a 48-year-old male, who developed a maculopapular lesion, that was initially noticed on the face, the lesions were then spread to the back and hand. He identifies as men who have sex with men and living with HIV for the past 18 years. There were no lesions on the genitalia or mucosa. The second patient is a 28-year-old male, the initial symptom was fever, followed by skin lesions after around 1 week of fever. The lesion initially appears as pustules on the face and then spreads throughout the whole body, the lesions also grow larger and become pseudo-pustules and ulcers. There were also mucosal involvements in the mouth, making oral intake difficult. This patient also identified as men who have sex with men with multiple partners, HIV status was not known at the initial presentation. HIV screening was done with positive results.
Genotyping Plasmodium vivax relapses can provide insights into hypnozoite biology. We performed targeted amplicon sequencing of 127 relapses occurring in Indonesian soldiers returning to malaria-free ...Java after yearlong deployment in malarious Eastern Indonesia. Hepatic carriage of multiple hypnozoite clones was evident in three-quarters of soldiers with two successive relapses, yet the majority of relapse episodes only displayed one clonal population. The number of clones detected in relapse episodes decreased over time and through successive relapses, especially in individuals who received hypnozoiticidal therapy. Interrogating the multiplicity of infection in this P. vivax relapse cohort reveals evidence of independent activation and slow depletion of hypnozoites over many months by multiple possible mechanisms, including parasite senescence and host immunity.
PDF
