Sarcopenia is a very important issue in rehabilitation medicine and nutritional care. The prevalence of sarcopenia in older people is approximately 50% in the rehabilitation setting, and also ...approximately 15% of inpatients without sarcopenia upon admission developed sarcopenia during hospitalization. There is a concern that secondary sarcopenia may occur iatrogenically during hospitalization. Iatrogenic sarcopenia is defined as sarcopenia caused by the activities of medical staff including doctors, nurses, or other health care professionals in healthcare facilities. Iatrogenic sarcopenia is categorized into activity-related, nutrition-related and diseaserelated- iatrogenic sarcopenia. Especially in acute phase hospitals, concentrating on the treatment of diseases with less attention to nutrition and activity is more likely to cause iatrogenic sarcopenia. Sarcopenic dysphagia is also an important aspect in rehabilitation medicine and nutritional care. Sarcopenic dysphagia is characterized by swallowing difficulty because of a loss of mass and function in whole-body skeletal and swallowing muscles. Sarcopenic dysphagia can be diagnosed using a 5-step algorithm for the condition. Iatrogenic sarcopenia and sarcopenic dysphagia are affected by nutrition, activity and diseases in a complex manner. Therefore, treatment of iatrogenic sarcopenia and sarcopenic dysphagia requires comprehensive interventions through nutrition management and rehabilitation. Rehabilitation nutrition is effective for preventing and treating iatrogenic sarcopenia and sarcopenic dysphagia. Rehabilitation nutrition can be practiced more effectively and comprehensively by using the rehabilitation nutrition care process, which is a systematic problem-solving method. Further research is required to verify the efficacy of rehabilitation nutrition for preventing or improving iatrogenic sarcopenia and/or sarcopenic dysphagia.
Background
Malnutrition may worsen clinical outcomes in stroke patients. Few malnutrition screening tools have been validated in the rehabilitation setting. The present study aimed to assess the ...concurrent and predictive validity of two malnutrition screening tools.
Methods
We retrospectively collected scores for the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short‐Form (MNA‐SF) and the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) in consecutive stroke patients aged ≥65 years in a rehabilitation hospital. Concurrent validity was confirmed against the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism diagnostic criteria for malnutrition (ESPEN‐DCM). Malnutrition risk within the ESPEN‐DCM process was assessed using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool. Cut‐off values with maximum Youden index, and with sensitivity (Se) >90% and specificity (Sp) >50%, were defined as appropriate for identification and screening of malnutrition, respectively. The Functional Independence Measure and discharge destination were used to explore predictive validity.
Results
Overall, 420 patients were analysed. Of these, we included 125 patients in the malnutrition group and 295 in the non‐malnutrition group based on the ESPEN‐DCM. Cut‐off values for the identification and screening of malnutrition were 5 (Se: 0.78; Sp: 0.85) and 7 (Se: 0.96; Sp: 0.57) for the MNA‐SF; 92 (Se: 0.74; Sp: 0.84) and 98 (Se: 0.93; Sp: 0.50) for the GNRI, respectively. The GNRI predicted discharge to acute care hospital, whereas the MNA‐SF did not predict all outcome measures.
Conclusions
The MNA‐SF and the GNRI have a fair concurrent validity in stroke patients, although lower cut‐off values than currently used were required for the MNA‐SF. The GNRI exhibits good predictive validity for discharge destination.
Objectives
To describe the activity and evaluate the quality of the Japanese sarcopenic dysphagia database.
Design
Cohort registry study.
Setting
19 hospitals including 9 acute care hospitals, 8 ...rehabilitation hospitals, 2 long-term care hospitals, and 1 home visit rehabilitation team.
Participants
467 dysphagic patients, aged 20 years and older.
Measurements
The following indices were assessed at baseline: age, sex, main disease, sarcopenic dysphagia, whole body sarcopenia, Food Intake Level Scale (FILS), malnutrition diagnosed by the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition criteria, oral status assessed by the Revised Oral Assessment Guide or the Oral Health Assessment Tool, activities of daily living assessed by the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) or the Barthel Index (BI), Charlson comorbidity index, C-reactive protein and serum albumin levels, dysarthria, hoarseness, aphasia, pressure ulcers, bladder, bowel, and kidney function, respiratory status, polypharmacy, number of drugs, and involvement of health care professionals and rehabilitation nutrition team. FILS, FIM or BI, and outcome including discharge destination were assessed at follow-up. A simple comparison of cases and evaluation of the quality of data were performed.
Results
The mean age was 80.4 ± 11.4 yr. The variable input error was 0. The number of patients with missing data was high for estimated glomerular filtration rate, C-reactive protein, serum albumin, skeletal mass index, and tongue pressure. The prevalence of either probable, possible, or no sarcopenic dysphagia was 105 (23%), 182 (39%), or 179 (38%), respectively. Doctors including physiatrists, nurses, physical therapists, and registered dietitians were involved with most patients, while the rehabilitation nutrition team was involved in only 16% of patients.
Conclusions
The quality of the database was relatively high. Sarcopenic dysphagia is common in patients with dysphagia.
Although malnutrition commonly affects stroke patients, there are no validated screening tools. We verified the usefulness of non-paralytic anthropometric measurements for the nutritional screening ...of stroke.
A cross-sectional study was conducted in consecutive stroke patients with hemiplegia aged ⩾65 years, with Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form score ⩽11. Diagnostic malnutrition criteria from the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism were the reference standards: body mass index (BMI) <18.5 kg/m
or weight loss >10%+BMI <22 or 20 kg/m
. Non-paralytic anthropometric measurements (calf circumference (CC), arm circumference (AC), triceps skinfold (TSF) and arm muscle circumference (AMC)) and serum albumin concentration (Alb) at admission were the index tests. Cutoffs were determined by receiver operation curve and Youden index, and accuracy by area under the curve (AUC) and kappa value. Functional independence measures at discharge and discharge destination were collected.
We included 488 patients (224 men and 264 women) with a mean age of 78.8 years and mean BMI of 22.0 and 21.1 kg/m
, respectively. Eighty-one men and 124 women had malnutrition. The AUC for CC, AC, TSF, AMC and Alb was 0.859, 0.825, 0.764, 0.745 and 0.670 for men, and 0.881, 0.843, 0.796, 0.742 and 0.658 for women, respectively. In both sexes, CC had the highest kappa (0.533, 0.608; both P<0.001) with cutoff values ⩽31 and ⩽30 cm. Patients with lower CC showed significantly worse functional outcomes and lower proportion of return to home (P<0.001).
Non-paralytic CC indicated malnutrition with sufficient accuracy and good correlation with functional capacity; it may be a useful nutritional screening tool for stroke.
Objective
To investigated the effects of antipsychotics on rehabilitation outcomes for geriatric hip fracture inpatients.
Design
Retrospective cohort study.
Setting
The registry data from the Japan ...Rehabilitation Nutrition Database for analysis.
Participants
Of the 234 patients in the Japan Rehabilitation Nutrition Database admitted between November 2015 and March 2018, 214 met the eligibility criteria.
Measurements
The antipsychotics were phenothiazine, butyrophenone, benzamide, and atypical antipsychotics. For hip fracture patients, the following information was registered: (a) admission data: age, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index, Functional Independence Measure (FIM) at admission, medications, height, body weight, and Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form score (MNA-SF) and (b) discharge data: discharge destination, FIM at discharge, MNASF, and total units of provided rehabilitation therapy (one unit = 20 minutes based on the national healthcare insurance policy).
Results
Thirteen patients (6.1%) were prescribed antipsychotics. According to the multiple linear regression analysis, antipsychotics negatively affected FIM efficiency (β=-0.190, 95% confidence interval, -0.652 to -0.104,
p
=0.007). Furthermore, on logistic regression analysis, fall during hospitalization was correlated with the use of antipsychotics (odds ratio=4.376, 95% confidence interval: 1.153 to 16.612,
p
=0.030).
Conclusion
The use of antipsychotics impaired the improvement of the activities of daily living (ADL) and increased the incidence of fall during hospitalization. Reviewing medication therapies at admission may further improve ADL.
The present status of kinetic modeling of particle dynamics in hydrogen negative ion (H−) source plasmas and their comparisons with experiments are reviewed and discussed with some new results. The ...main focus is placed on the following topics, which are important for the research and development of H− sources for intense and high-quality H− ion beams: (i) effects of non-equilibrium features of electron energy distribution function on volume and surface H− production, (ii) the origin of the spatial non-uniformity in giant multi-cusp arc-discharge H− sources, (iii) capacitive to inductive (E to H) mode transition in radio frequency-inductively coupled plasma H− sources and (iv) extraction physics of H− ions and beam optics, especially the present understanding of the meniscus formation in strongly electronegative plasmas (so-called ion-ion plasmas) and its effect on beam optics. For these topics, mainly Japanese modeling activities, and their domestic and international collaborations with experimental studies, are introduced with some examples showing how models have been improved and to what extent the modeling studies can presently contribute to improving the source performance. Close collaboration between experimental and modeling activities is indispensable for the validation/improvement of the modeling and its contribution to the source design/development.
Objectives
To investigate the impact of body mass index on activities of daily living in inpatients with acute heart failure.
Design
A retrospective cohort study.
Setting
A hospital-based database ...contains Diagnosis Procedure Combination survey data from 100 participating acute-care hospitals.
Participants
11,301 inpatients aged 20 year or older who were admitted to the participating hospitals with a diagnosis of acute heart failure.
Measurements
The Barthel Index score at discharge and hospital death.
Results
The number of patients with a body mass index of <18.5 kg/m2 (underweight), 18.5–22.9 kg/m
2
(low–normal weight), 23.0–24.9 kg/m
2
(high–normal weight), 25.0–29.9 kg/m
2
(overweight), and ≥30.0 kg/m
2
(obesity) were 1689 (15%), 4715 (42%), 1809 (16%), 2306 (20%), and 782 (7%), respectively. Median Barthel Index scores at admission and discharge were 65 and 100, respectively. Hospital death occurred in 101 (0.9%) patients. Lower body mass index was associated with lower Barthel Index score at discharge and higher mortality. Multivariable analysis adjusted for body mass index, age, sex, New York Heart Association classification, Barthel Index score at admission, the updated Charlson Comorbidity Index, length of hospital stay, number of drugs administered, and rehabilitation during hospitalization revealed that body mass index was independently associated with Barthel Index score at discharge (beta: 0.354; 95% confidence interval: 0.248–0.461) and hospital death (odds ratio: 0.926, 95% confidence interval: 0.877–0.978).
Conclusion
Overweight and obese inpatients showed greater independence in activities of daily living at discharge and lower rates of mortality, indicating the obesity paradox. A combination of rehabilitation and improved nutrition seems to be important in underweight patients with acute heart failure.
Objectives
To evaluate the characteristics of sarcopenic dysphagia (SD) and the prognosis of swallowing function in convalescent rehabilitation hospital patients; and to investigate the association ...between malnutrition severity and SD.
Design
A prospective, multi-center, cohort study.
Setting
We extracted registry data from the Japanese Sarcopenic Dysphagia Database, focusing on patients admitted to convalescent rehabilitation hospitals.
Participants
A total of 207 participants were recruited and stratified according to the presence or absence of SD. Next, the participants were divided into groups based on nutrition status using the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition criteria normal nutrition, moderate malnutrition, and severe malnutrition. We also compared the outcomes between patients with SD (SD group) and those without SD (no-SD group) according to malnutrition status.
Measurements
The Food Intake LEVEL Scale (FILS) score was the outcome measure. Higher scores on the FILS indicate better swallowing function. We compared the patient characteristics between the SD and non-SD groups among all patients and then according to the severity of malnutrition.
Results
A total of 207 patients were recruited. 11 were diagnosed with normal nutrition, 72 with moderate malnutrition, and 124 with severe malnutrition. There were 128 participants with SD and 79 participants without SD; the prevalence of SD was 61.8%. Hip fracture was the most common disease among the SD patients (34.4%). The median time to the end of follow-up was 73.5 days for the SD group and 84.0 days for the no-SD group. There was no significant difference in the FILS score between the SD and no-SD groups, but the increase in the FILS score was significantly lower in the SD group than the no-SD group among patients with severe malnutrition after adjusting for confounding factors (age, sex, FILS at admission, BMI, cognitive functional independence measure, and care level before onset) (β = −0.206, p = 0.011, 95% confidence interval = −0.723, −0.098).
Conclusion
Orthopedic diseases are the most common type of disease among SD patients in convalescent rehabilitation hospitals. Swallowing dysfunction was particularly severe in malnourished patients with SD. This result suggests the importance of the definition of SD for malnourished patients. We should practice nutritional management as soon as possible in severely malnourished patients diagnosed with SD.
Background Biopsy surveillance protocols for the assessment of Barrett's esophagus can be subject to sampling errors, resulting in diagnostic uncertainty. Optical coherence tomography is a ...cross-sectional imaging technique that can be used to conduct volumetric laser endomicroscopy (VLE) of the entire distal esophagus. We have developed a biopsy guidance platform that places endoscopically visible marks at VLE-determined biopsy sites. Objective The objective of this study was to demonstrate in human participants the safety and feasibility of VLE-guided biopsy in vivo. Design A pilot feasibility study. Setting Massachusetts General Hospital. Patients A total of 22 participants were enrolled from January 2011 to June 2012 with a prior diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus. Twelve participants were used to optimize the laser marking parameters and the system platform. A total of 30 target sites were selected and marked in real-time by using the VLE-guided biopsy platform in the remaining 10 participants. Intervention Volumetric laser endomicroscopy. Main Outcome Measurements Endoscopic and VLE visibility, and accuracy of VLE diagnosis of the tissue between the laser cautery marks. Results There were no adverse events of VLE and laser marking. The optimal laser marking parameters were determined to be 2 seconds at 410 mW, with a mark separation of 6 mm. All marks made with these parameters were visible on endoscopy and VLE. The accuracies for diagnosing tissue in between the laser cautery marks by independent blinded readers for endoscopy were 67% (95% confidence interval CI, 47%-83%), for VLE intent-to-biopsy images 93% (95% CI, 78%-99%), and for corrected VLE post-marking images 100% when compared with histopathology interpretations. Limitations This is a single-center feasibility study with a limited number of patients. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that VLE-guided biopsy of the esophagus is safe and can be used to guide biopsy site selection based on the acquired volumetric optical coherence tomography imaging data. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT01439633 .)
Objectives
According to the recently proposed diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic dysphagia, sarcopenic dysphagia can be classified as probable or possible based on tongue pressure. However, it is ...unclear whether patients with probable and possible sarcopenic dysphagia have different characteristics. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether patients with possible and probable sarcopenic dysphagia have different clinical characteristics.
Design
A cross-sectional study. Setting: A rehabilitation hospital. PARTICIPANTS: In total, 129 patients aged ≥65 years with sarcopenic dysphagia were included.
Methods
A tongue pressure of <20 kPa was indicative of probable sarcopenic dysphagia, and a tongue pressure of ≥20 kPa was indicative of possible sarcopenic dysphagia. Kuchi-Kara Taberu (KT) index scores were compared between the probable or possible sarcopenic dysphagia groups.
Results
According to the tongue pressure, 76 and 53 patients were classified into the probable and possible sarcopenic dysphagia groups, respectively. In multiple linear regression analysis, the presence of probable sarcopenic dysphagia was independently associated with the total KT index score (standardized coefficient: −0.313, regression coefficient: −4.500, 95% confidence interval CI, −6.920 to −2.080, P < 0.001). The presence of probable sarcopenic dysphagia was independently associated with some subitems of the KT index (willingness to eat, cognitive function while eating, oral preparatory and propulsive phase, severity of pharyngeal dysphagia, eating behavior, and daily living activities).
Conclusions
Patients with probable sarcopenic dysphagia were characterized by poor overall eating-related conditions, especially poor swallowing ability, ability to perform activities of daily living, and nutritional status.
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