The use of media by children in early childhood is increasingly common, and it is necessary to investigate the determinants of screen time, which is understood as the total child screen exposure ...time, including television and interactive media. This is a descriptive, exploratory, and cross-sectional study conducted with 180 children between 24 and 42 months of age, allocated in Group 1, less than two hours daily screen exposure time; Group 2, daily screen exposure time equal to or more than two hours. Bivariate and binary logistic regression analyses were performed. Screen time determining factors studied were family environment, evaluated with the Family Environment Resource Inventory; socioeconomic factors; nutritional status and child development status, evaluated with the Bayley III test. As a result, 63% of children had daily screen time exceeding two hours, and television still is the main culprit for children screen exposure. We observed that screen time exposure was positively associated with family resources, economic level, and language development. However, only the last two factors explained the longer screen time.
We compared the motor competence between overweight/obese and eutrophic preschoolers with similar physical activity levels, age, socioeconomic status, maternal education, quality of the home ...environment and quality of the school environment. We also investigated to what extent excess body fat mass explains gross motor skills in preschoolers. A cross-sectional quantitative and exploratory study was conducted with 48 preschoolers assigned into eutrophic and overweight/obese groups. Overweight/obese preschoolers had worse Locomotor subtest standard scores than the eutrophic ones (p = 0.01), but similar Object Control subtest and Gross Motor Quotient scores (p > 0.05). Excess body fat mass explained 12% of the low Locomotor subtest standard scores in preschoolers (R2 = 0.12; p = 0.007). Excess body fat mass was associated with worse locomotor skills when the model was adjusted for physical activity levels, age, socioeconomic status, maternal education, quality of the home environment and quality of the school environment. Thus, excess body fat mass partly explains lower locomotor skills in preschoolers.
Active play opportunities seems to influence the level of physical activity during childhood. However, a gap remains about which environmental opportunities including the daycare physical environment ...could have a positive impact on the level of physical activity in preschoolers.
(1) To develop an index to measure the environmental opportunities of free active play for preschoolers of middle-income countries; (2) to check the relationship and contribution of the index to explain objectively the level of physical activity.
A quantitative, cross-sectional, exploratory study with 51 preschool children. The established criteria for the index according to the literature were: (1) Outdoor time on typical days of the week. (2) Outdoor time on a typical weekend day. (3) The presence of internal space and external environment in the child's home that allows playing. (4) Presence of patio with space for games at the school. (5) Presence of a playground with a toy at the school. We applied multi-attribute utility theory for the determination of the multicriteria index of physical environmental opportunities. Pearson's correlation analysis and simple linear regression were used to verify the association between the index and the physical activity level.
The index showed a positive correlation with the level of physical activity, e.g., the average time of MVPA (r = 0.408, p = 0.003). The univariate linear regression demonstrated that the quality of physical environmental opportunities for physical activity explained 20% of the preschooler's classification as active and 16% of the time in moderate to vigorous physical activity (p < 0.001).
Physical environmental opportunities for active play have a positive effect on physical activity in preschoolers and should be encouraged in different social segments.
Background Preschool age (3-5 years old) is a crucial period for children to acquire gross motor skills and develop executive functions (EFs). However, the association between the qualitative gross ...motor skills and EFs remains unknown in preschoolers, especially among overweight and obese children. Methods This was a cross-sectional, exploratory, and quantitative study carried out on 49 preschool children, divided into two subgroups according to their body mass index (overweight/obese: 24; eutrophic normal weight: 25). The mean age was 4.59 years. More than half of the sample were boys (55%) and most of the mothers had completed high school (67%) and were class C socioeconomic level (63%). Gross motor skills were assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2, while EFs were evaluated using Semantic verbal fluency (SVF), Tower of Hanoi (TH), Day/Night Stroop, and Delayed Gratification tests. Multiple linear regression models adjusted for sex, age, maternal education, socioeconomic status, quality of the home environment, and quality of the school environment using the stepwise method were executed, considering the cognitive tasks as independent variables and gross motor skills as dependent variable. Results The overweight/obese preschoolers showed worse locomotor skills than their eutrophic peers and below average gross motor quotient (GMQ). Overweight/obese girls performed worse in OC skills than boys with excess weight. SVF (number of errors) and TH (rule breaks) explained 57.8% of the variance in object control (OC) skills and 40.5% of the variance in GMQ (p < .05) in the overweight/obese children. Surprisingly, there was no significant association between any of the EF tasks and gross motor skills in the eutrophic children. Conclusion A relationship between EF tasks (number of errors in SVF and rule breaks in TH) and gross motor skills (OC and GMQ) was demonstrated in the overweight/obese preschoolers, indicating that worse cognitive flexibility, working memory, planning, and problem solving are associated with worse gross motor skills in this population when compared to eutrophic children. Keywords: Childhood obesity, Gross motor, Object control, Executive functions, Verbal fluency, Tower of Hanoi, Cognitive flexibility, Planning, Child development, Cognitive function
Although it is well known that obesity is frequently associated with reduced levels of habitual physical activity (HPA), which contributes to determining severe oxidative stress and inflammatory ...state, this association is however unknown in preschoolers so far. This study aimed to investigate the association between biomarkers of redox status and cytokines with different patterns of HPA according to the adiposity of preschoolers.
A cross-sectional study was conducted in 50 preschoolers (25 overweight/obese, OW/OB and 25 eutrophic, EU), matched for age, sex, economic level, and maternal education. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, substances reactive to thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors (sTNFRs), and leptin levels were evaluated. HPA levels were evaluated by accelerometry (ActiGraph GT9X accelerometer). Correlation, multiple linear regression, and partial least squares regression analysis were used to determine the association between redox status biomarkers and cytokines with different patterns of HPA (HPA level, bouts of moderate to vigorous physical activity MVPA, and multivariate pattern of HPA) in EU and OW/OB preschoolers.
OW/OB preschoolers had lower CAT activity, higher levels of TAC, TBARS, and cytokines, and similar levels of HPA to EU preschoolers. In EU preschoolers, SOD activity exhibited a stronger negative association with moderate intensity ranges of HPA (R
= 0.18), and negative correlation with sTNFRs (r = -0.40 to -0.46). TBARS had a stronger positive association with ranges of light intensity in the multivariate pattern of HPA (R
= 0.10). In OW/OB preschoolers, the HPA multivariate associative pattern was predominantly from vigorous intensity ranges. Thus, SOD activity had a positive association with the multivariate pattern of HPA (R
= 0.38) and MVPA bouts (β 95% CI = 0.457 0.0026. 0.0576). TAC had a negative association with the multivariate pattern of HPA (R
= 0.38) and MVPA bouts (β 95% CI = -0.718 -0.0025. -0.0003). Additionally, leptin levels were lower in OW/OB preschoolers engaged in vigorous physical activity (VPA) (8000-9999 counts/min) for longer periods of time.
The results of this study indicate that OW/OB preschoolers have higher levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to EU preschoolers. Moreover, VPA may exert antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in OW/OB preschoolers.
To describe the prevalence of interactive media (tablets and smartphones) use by children aged two to four years old, as well as to characterize this use, and investigate habits, practices, parents' ...participation and opinion about their child's interactive media use.
A cross-sectional study with 244 parents or legal guardians of children enrolled in daycare centers in a small Brazilian municipality was conducted. A questionnaire based on interactive media use and related habits were applied, and economic level was assessed. Children were divided into three different groups according to media use: Group 1 did not use (n=81); Group 2 uses up to 45 min/day (n=83) and Group 3 uses more than 45 min/day (n=80). Then, they were compared with regard to the sociodemographic variables and media use by the Chi-square test and Student's t-test.
The prevalence of interactive media use was 67.2%, with a mean time of use of 69.2 minutes/day (confidence interval of 95% - 95%CI 57.1-81.2). The activities most performed were watching videos (55%), listening to music (33%) and playing games (28%). Most parents reported allowing media use in order to stimulate their child's development (58.4%), accompanying them during use (75.2%), and limiting media time (86.4%).
We observed high interactive media use prevalence. The predominant way of using these devices was marked by parent-child participation. Most parents reported believing in the benefits of interactive media. Passive activities were more frequent, with restricted time of use.
The concomitant loss of lean muscle mass and bone mineral density is known as osteosarcopenia. This disorder can result in increased physical impairment in addition to an increased risk of falls and ...fractures. Although the diagnostic of osteoporosis and sarcopenia has been described, the inflammatory mediators that identify the presence of osteosarcopenia and propose possible inflammatory mechanisms implicated in muscle and bone loss are unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate a panel of inflammatory biomarkers and investigate its relationship with the presence of osteosarcopenia.
Body composition was assessed using Dual X-ray absorptiometry and handgrip strength using a Jamar dynamometer. Blood samples were collected for evaluation the plasmatic concentrations of adiponectin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), interferon ɣ (IFN), interleukins 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 10, leptin, resistin, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and its soluble receptors (sTNFr) 1 and 2.
In seventy-one older women the age was 75 (±7) years, BMI 26.1 (±4.5) kg/m2, handgrip strength 19 (±6) kgf and the muscle mass index was 6.39 (±1.05) kg/m2. The diagnosis of osteosarcopenia was found in 25% of the sample. Analysis of the distribution of biomarkers demonstrate the osteosarcopenia group presented greater concentrations among all markers measured, and significant differences was found in plasmatic concentrations of interleukin 8 (p = 0.02). Subgroup analysis showed that group with osteopenia plus sarcopenia had significantly greater IL-6 (p = 0.03) and IL-8 (p = 0.007) concentrations.
In a panel of biomarkers, IL-6 and IL-8 were found to be related with diagnosis of osteosarcopenia in community-dwelling older women. These results may contribute to understand the inflammatory mechanisms and suggest a diagnostic strategy for these patients, also informing new strategies for prevention, monitoring, and treatment of osteosarcopenia.
Parque na escola Lopes, Priscila; Nobre, Juliana Nogueira Pontes; Niquini, Cláudia Mara
Revista de educação popular,
09/2020, Volume:
19, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Este trabalho almeja relatar ações de um projeto de extensão desenvolvido em uma escola pública de educação infantil no município de Diamantina, Minas Gerais. Tendo em vista a importância do brincar ...no espaço formal de educação, o presente trabalho enquadra-se como um relato de experiência sobre a construção de um parque de pneus em espaços subutilizados de uma escola específica, resultado de um projeto de extensão universitária. Entendemos que ações extensionistas são de suma importância para a sociedade, em especial, para a escola básica. A partir de pneus, madeiras, cordas, entre outros materiais, o parquinho da/na escola emergiu, sendo utilizado no tempo disponível para atividades livres das crianças e em práticas pedagógicas intencionalmente organizadas, como, por exemplo, em práticas pedagógicas vinculadas à manifestação corporal da ginástica. Ainda registramos que o projeto favoreceu ações coletivas e de pertencimento dos membros da comunidade escolar, no qual, a partir do envolvimento e participação dos pais, gestores e crianças, o ambiente escolar tornou-se mais agradável e lúdico, propiciando proposições que estimulam e favorecem o movimento dos escolares.
RESUMO Objetivo Identificar fatores associados ao desenvolvimento cognitivo de crianças de 24 a 42 meses de idade, assim como caracterizar a disponibilidade de brinquedos e recursos presentes no ...ambiente familiar e as práticas parentais que sinalizam estabilidade familiar. Método Estudo transversal analítico realizado com crianças regularmente matriculadas em instituições de ensino públicas e privadas de uma cidade de médio porte. O desenvolvimento cognitivo foi avaliado por meio do teste Bayley e a qualidade do ambiente que vive a criança foi avaliada utilizando-se o Inventário de Recursos do Ambiente Familiar- RAF adaptado. Para conhecimento do nível econômico das famílias utilizou-se o Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil 2015 (CCEB). As crianças foram alocados em dois grupos com base no resultado do teste cognitivo e comparadas quanto às atividades e rotinas da família e recursos presentes no domicílio. Resultados Das 104 crianças avaliadas, 72% são matriculadas na rede de ensino público, 69% pertencentes as classes econômicas C e D. De acordo com o desenvolvimento cognitivo, 55% obtiveram desenvolvimento acima da média aritmética. Na análise bivariada observou-se que os passeios e viagens realizados pela criança, maior escolaridade materna e paterna, vínculo com creches particulares, assim como a maior disponibilidade de recursos e níveis econômicos maiores foram relacionados a melhores escores cognitivos. Os dois últimos fatores permaneceram como preditores do desenvolvimento cognitivo na análise de regressão logística binária. Conclusão Maior disponibilidade de recursos no ambiente familiar e níveis econômicos foram positivamente associados ao desenvolvimento cognitivo.
ABSTRACT Purpose To identify the factors associated with the cognitive development of children from 24 to 42 months of age, as well as to characterize the availability of toys and resources present in the family environment, and the parental practices that signal family stability. Methods Cross-sectional analytical study conducted with children regularly enrolled in public and private educational institutions of a medium-sized city. Cognitive development was assessed by means of the Bayley test and the quality of the environment was evaluated using the Adapted Family Environment Resource Inventory (FERI). The children were allocated into two groups based on the cognitive test result and compared regarding activities performed at home; reports of outings and trips in the last year; presence of regular scheduled activities; activities developed with parents; toys the child has or has had; presence of newspapers, magazines, and books at home; the person responsible for monitoring the child during day-care; and routines of the child and family. Results Of the 104 children evaluated, 72% were enrolled in the public education network and 69% belonged to economic classes C and D. Regarding cognitive development, 55% had above-average development. In the bivariate analysis, it was observed that greater availability of toys and materials for the child and higher economic levels were related to better scores on the cognitive development test. These remained as predictors of cognitive development in binary logistic regression analysis. Conclusion Greater availability of resources in the family environment and economic levels were positively associated with cognitive development in children.
Gross motor development in the preschool phase depends on several factors that remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate whether level of habitual physical activity (HPA) and global ...cognitive function (CF) can be used as predictors of gross motor skills in Brazilian preschoolers and to verify their possible mediators. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 166 children, aged 3-5 years. Gross motor skills, HPA, CF and possible mediators (e.g., sex, prematurity) were evaluated. Preschoolers with little HPA, low CF, and girls were more likely to have gross motor performance below expected, but female gender did not mediate HPA or CF. Therefore, HPA and CF, in addition to females, may be independent predictors of delayed gross motor skills in Brazilian preschoolers.
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