Lung cancers are classified into small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small-cell lung cancer due to their different treatment and prognosis. Although many studies have reported the specific survival ...of SCLC patients treated at cancer hospitals, survival from population-based data has rarely been reported.
We analyzed survival of SCLC cases diagnosed from 1993 through 2006 from a population-based cancer registry of six prefectures. To assess trends in SCLC survival, we defined three periods that mirrored developments in SCLC treatment: period 1, 1993-1998; period 2, 1999-2001; and period 3, 2002-2006. Assessments were based on relative survival (RS), excess hazard, and conditional survival.
A total of 10,911 SCLC patients were analyzed. Five-year RS among limited disease SCLC (LD-SCLC) in periods 1 to 3 was 16.8%, 21.1%, and 21.4%, respectively. Five-year RS among extensive disease SCLC (ED-SCLC) in periods 1 to 3 was 2.3%, 2.8%, and 2.7%, respectively. Improvement in 5-year RS in periods 2 and 3 compared with period 1 was significant among both LD- and ED-SCLC patients (all P < 0.001). Conditional 5-year RS of LD-SCLC increased from 21% at year 0 to 73% at year 5, while that of ED-SCLC was 3% at year 0 and 53% at year 5.
The prognosis of SCLC patients improved from 1999-2001 but plateaued in 2002-2006, after which no further significant improvement was seen. Continuous survey based on population-based data is helpful in monitoring the impact of developments in treatment.
Although we usually report 5‐year cancer survival using population‐based cancer registry data, nowadays many cancer patients survive longer and need to be followed‐up for more than 5 years. Long‐term ...cancer survival figures are scarce in Japan. Here we report 10‐year cancer survival and conditional survival using an established statistical approach. We received data on 1 387 489 cancer cases from six prefectural population‐based cancer registries in Japan, diagnosed between 1993 and 2009 and followed‐up for at least 5 years. We estimated the 10‐year relative survival of patients who were followed‐up between 2002 and 2006 using period analysis. Using this 10‐year survival, we also calculated the conditional 5‐year survival for cancer survivors who lived for some years after diagnosis. We reported 10‐year survival and conditional survival of 23 types of cancer for 15–99‐year‐old patients and four types of cancer for children (0–14 years old) and adolescent and young adults (15–29 years old) patients by sex. Variation in 10‐year cancer survival by site was wide, from 5% for pancreatic cancer to 95% for female thyroid cancer. Approximately 70–80% of children and adolescent and young adult cancer patients survived for more than 10 years. Conditional 5‐year survival for most cancer sites increased according to years, whereas those for liver cancer and multiple myeloma did not increase. We reported 10‐year cancer survival and conditional survival using population‐based cancer registries in Japan. It is important for patients and clinicians to report these relevant figures using population‐based data.
We reported 10‐year cancer survival and conditional survival using population‐based cancer registries in Japan. It is important for patients and clinicians to report these relevant figures using population‐based database.
infection is a well-known risk factor for gastric cancer. However, the contribution of germline pathogenic variants in cancer-predisposing genes and their effect, when combined with
infection, on the ...risk of gastric cancer has not been widely evaluated.
We evaluated the association between germline pathogenic variants in 27 cancer-predisposing genes and the risk of gastric cancer in a sample of 10,426 patients with gastric cancer and 38,153 controls from BioBank Japan. We also assessed the combined effect of pathogenic variants and
infection status on the risk of gastric cancer and calculated the cumulative risk in 1433 patients with gastric cancer and 5997 controls from the Hospital-based Epidemiologic Research Program at Aichi Cancer Center (HERPACC).
Germline pathogenic variants in nine genes (
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, and
) were associated with the risk of gastric cancer. We found an interaction between
infection and pathogenic variants in homologous-recombination genes with respect to the risk of gastric cancer in the sample from HERPACC (relative excess risk due to the interaction, 16.01; 95% confidence interval CI, 2.22 to 29.81; P = 0.02). At 85 years of age, persons with
infection and a pathogenic variant had a higher cumulative risk of gastric cancer than noncarriers infected with
(45.5% 95% CI, 20.7 to 62.6 vs. 14.4% 95% CI, 12.2 to 16.6).
infection modified the risk of gastric cancer associated with germline pathogenic variants in homologous-recombination genes. (Funded by the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development and others.).
Background: Reproductive factors such as age at menarche are known to be associated with disease risk, but data on trends in these factors in Japan are limited. In this study, we investigated secular ...trends in reproductive factors and explored their potential association with socioeconomic and historical events.Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 62,005 Japanese women born between 1890 and 1991 using a survey conducted over 25 years. Trends in reproductive factors were analyzed using linear and joinpoint regression models, and their associations with major historical events involving Japan were evaluated.Results: We found that the age at menarche showed a significant downward trend (P-value<0.001) over the century. Three joinpoints were identified, in 1932 (15.23 years old), 1946 (13.48 years old), and 1959 (12.71 years old), which indicated that average age at menarche decreased by approximately 0.8% per year between 1932 and 1946, and then by 0.4% per year between 1946 and 1959, both of which were statistically significant. However, after 1959, age of menarche remained stable. Analyses of other reproductive factors found significant changes, including a decrease in parity and the number of babies breastfed, and an increase in age at first birth.Conclusion: Age at menarche showed a long-term downward trend in Japan, with significant change points in annual percent change. Other factors showed secular changes in trends as well. These change points were observed at the same time as historical events, namely wars and economic development, suggesting that socioeconomic and environmental changes at the population level affect reproductive factors in females.
Background
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (
ALDH2
; rs671, Glu504Lys) and alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (
ADH1B
; rs1229984, His47Arg) polymorphisms have a strong impact on carcinogenic acetaldehyde ...accumulation after alcohol drinking. To date, however, evidence for a significant
ALDH2
–alcohol drinking interaction and a mediation effect of
ALDH2
/
ADH1B
through alcohol drinking on gastric cancer have remained unclear. We conducted two case–control studies to validate the interaction and to estimate the mediation effect on gastric cancer.
Methods
We calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for
ALDH2
/
ADH1B
genotypes and alcohol drinking using conditional logistic regression models after adjustment for potential confounding in the HERPACC-2 (697 cases and 1372 controls) and HERPACC-3 studies (678 cases and 678 controls). We also conducted a mediation analysis of the combination of the two studies to assess whether the effects of these polymorphisms operated through alcohol drinking or through other pathways.
Results
ALDH2
Lys alleles had a higher risk with increased alcohol consumption compared with
ALDH2
Glu/Glu (OR for heavy drinking, 3.57; 95% CI 2.04–6.27;
P
for trend = 0.007), indicating a significant
ALDH2
–alcohol drinking interaction (
P
interaction
= 0.024). The mediation analysis indicated a significant positive direct effect (OR 1.67; 95% CI 1.38–2.03) and a protective indirect effect (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.76–0.92) of the
ALDH2
Lys alleles with the
ALDH2
–alcohol drinking interaction. No significant association of
ADH1B
with gastric cancer was observed.
Conclusion
The observed
ALDH2
–alcohol drinking interaction and the direct effect of
ALDH2
Lys alleles may suggest the involvement of acetaldehyde in the development of gastric cancer.
Background
Tobacco use and alcohol consumption are still important risk factors for head and neck cancer (HNC) in developing countries, even though decreasing in tobacco prevalence. Recently, an ...increased incidence of oropharyngeal cancer due to human papilloma virus (HPV) infection has attracted attention in advanced countries, including the United States and Europe. However, few studies have evaluated trends in the incidence of HNC by subsite in Japan.
Methods
Accordingly, we evaluated these trends in Japan using data from population‐based cancer registries. We compiled population‐based incidence data from the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan Project, based on data from 19 population‐based cancer registries. Number of incident cases and age‐standardized incidence rates of HNC were estimated by subsite, namely lip, oral cavity, salivary glands, nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, nasal and paranasal cavity, middle ear and NOS. Trends in agestandardized incidence rates were characterized using the Joinpoint analysis.
Results
Among both sexes, oral cavity cancer, salivary gland cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer showed an upward trend (oral cavity: annual percent change (APC) 1.2% for men and APC 1.9% for women; salivary gland: APC 2.2% for men and APC 3.1% for women; oropharynx: APC 5.0% for men and APC 7.6% for women). Additionally, hypopharyngeal cancer showed an upward trend for men (APC 4.1%), and nasopharyngeal cancer and laryngeal cancer showed a downward trend for men (nasopharynx: APC −2.7%; larynx: −1.1%).
Conclusions
These findings will assist in focusing on the individual prevention of HNC.
This article describe trends in the incidence of head and neck cancer by subsite between 1993 and 2015 in Japan. These findings could assist in focusing on the individual prevention of head and neck cancer in Japan.
Alcohol consumption is an established risk factor, and also a potential prognostic factor, for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC). However, little is known about whether the ...prognostic impact of alcohol consumption differs by treatment method. We evaluated the association between alcohol drinking and survival by treatment method to the primary site in 427 patients with HNSCC treated between 2005 and 2013 at Aichi Cancer Center Central Hospital (Nagoya, Japan). The impact of alcohol on prognosis was measured by multivariable Cox regression analysis adjusted for established prognostic factors. Among all HNSCC patients, the overall survival rate was significantly poorer with increased levels of alcohol consumption in multivariable analysis (trend P = 0.038). Stratification by treatment method and primary site revealed that the impact of drinking was heterogeneous. Among laryngopharyngeal cancer (laryngeal, oropharyngeal, and hypopharyngeal cancer) patients receiving radiotherapy (n = 141), a significant dose–response relationship was observed (trend P = 0.034). In contrast, among laryngopharyngeal cancer patients treated with surgery (n = 80), no obvious impact of alcohol was observed. This heterogeneity in the impact of alcohol between surgery and radiotherapy was significant (for interaction, P = 0.048). Furthermore, among patients with oral cavity cancer treated by surgery, a significant impact of drinking on survival was seen with tongue cancer, but not with non‐tongue oral cancer. We observed a significant inverse association between alcohol drinking and prognosis among HNSCC patients, and its impact was heterogeneous by treatment method and primary site.
Alcohol consumption was a prognostic factor for overall survival in head and neck cancer; this effect was heterogeneous for therapy to the primary site. Impact of drinking on survival was significant in laryngopharynx cancer treated by radiotherapy, and not obvious for laryngopharynx cancer treated by surgery. The heterogeneous impact of alcohol between surgery and radiotherapy was significant.
Gastric cancer incidence and mortality have been decreasing in Japan. These decreases are likely due to a decrease in prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Our aim was to characterize the ...trends in prevalence of H. pylori infection focused on birth‐year. We carried out a cross‐sectional study that included 4285 subjects who were born from 1926 to 1989. We defined H. pylori infection by the serum H. pylori antibody titer. Individuals having H. pylori infection and those with negative H. pylori antibody titer and positive pepsinogen test were defined as high‐risk individuals for gastric cancer. We estimated the birth‐year percent change (BPC) of the prevalence by Joinpoint regression analysis. The prevalence of H. pylori infection among the subjects born from 1927 to 1949 decreased from 54.0% to 42.0% with a BPC of −1.2%. It was followed by a rapid decline in those born between 1949 (42.0%) and 1961 (24.0%) with a BPC of −4.5%, which was followed by those born between 1961 (24.0%) and 1988 (14.0%) with a BPC of −2.1%. The proportion of high‐risk individuals for gastric cancer among the subjects born from 1927 to 1942 decreased from 62.0% to 55.0% with a BPC of −0.8%. A subsequent rapid declining trend was observed in those born between 1942 (55.0%) and 1972 (18.0%) with a BPC of −3.6%, and then it became stable. These remarkable declining trends in the prevalence of H. pylori infection by birth‐year would be useful to predict the future trend in gastric cancer incidence in Japan.
Drastic declining trends in prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection by birth‐year in a Japanese population in Joinpoint Regression Analysis.
Gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer mortality in Japan and worldwide. Although previous studies identify various genetic variations associated with gastric cancer, host genetic ...factors are largely unidentified. To identify novel gastric cancer loci in the Japanese population, herein, we carried out a large‐scale genome‐wide association study using 6171 cases and 27 178 controls followed by three replication analyses. Analysis using a total of 11 507 cases and 38 904 controls identified two novel loci on 12q24.11‐12 (rs6490061, P = 3.20 × 10−8 with an odds ratio OR of 0.905) and 20q11.21 (rs2376549, P = 8.11 × 10−10 with an OR of 1.109). rs6490061 is located at intron 19 of the CUX2 gene, and its expression was suppressed by Helicobacter pylori infection. rs2376549 is included within the gene cluster of DEFB families that encode antibacterial peptides. We also found a significant association of rs7849280 in the ABO gene locus on 9q34.2 (P = 2.64 × 10−13 with an OR of 1.148). CUX2 and ABO expression in gastric mucosal tissues was significantly associated with rs6490061 and rs7849280 (P = 0.0153 and 8.00 × 10−11), respectively. Our findings show the crucial roles of genetic variations in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer.
Manhattan plot of gastric cancer GWAS.
Although a growing body of evidence suggests a link between diabetes and cancer, it is not clear whether diabetes independently increases the risk of cancer. We conducted a comprehensive assessment ...of the association between pre‐existing diabetes and total and site‐specific cancer risk based on a pooled analysis of eight cohort studies in Japan (>330 000 subjects). We estimated a summary hazard ratio by pooling study‐specific hazard ratios for total and site‐specific cancer by using a random‐effects model. A statistically increased risk was observed for cancers at specific sites, such as colon (hazard ratio; HR = 1.40), liver (HR = 1.97), pancreas (HR = 1.85) and bile duct (HR = 1.66; men only). Increased risk was also suggested for other sites, and diabetes mellitus was associated with an overall 20% increased risk in total cancer incidence in the Japanese population. The association between these two diseases has important implications for reiterating the importance of controlling lifestyle factors and may suggest a possible strategy for cancer screening among patients with diabetes. Studies continuously investigating the risk factors for diabetes are also important.
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