Magnetically controllable soft robots are of great interest because they have unique properties compared with conventional rigid counterparts and can be used in diverse applications such as ...intelligent electronics, bionics, personalized medicine, and cargo grasping. However, the fabrication of such multifunctional soft robots has been challenging because of the integration of dissimilar materials into the robot body. Herein, we designed and fabricated a soft robotic multifunctional system using conventional papers and elastomeric polymers for the colorimetric detection of heavy metal ions (Hg2+ and Fe3+) in water samples. The magnetic actuation of the platforms was shown to correlate with the type of underlying paper and magnetic particle content in the mixtures. Moreover, it was observed that actuation can also be manipulated by controlling the magnetic field strength. A proof-of-concept robotic paper-based Hg2+, Zn2+, and Fe3+ ion detection was demonstrated by combining colorimetric paper sensors and magneto-papers. Our study highlights the significant potential of paper as a material for the fabrication of effective and multifunctional untethered soft robots.Magnetically controllable soft robots are of great interest because they have unique properties compared with conventional rigid counterparts and can be used in diverse applications such as intelligent electronics, bionics, personalized medicine, and cargo grasping. However, the fabrication of such multifunctional soft robots has been challenging because of the integration of dissimilar materials into the robot body. Herein, we designed and fabricated a soft robotic multifunctional system using conventional papers and elastomeric polymers for the colorimetric detection of heavy metal ions (Hg2+ and Fe3+) in water samples. The magnetic actuation of the platforms was shown to correlate with the type of underlying paper and magnetic particle content in the mixtures. Moreover, it was observed that actuation can also be manipulated by controlling the magnetic field strength. A proof-of-concept robotic paper-based Hg2+, Zn2+, and Fe3+ ion detection was demonstrated by combining colorimetric paper sensors and magneto-papers. Our study highlights the significant potential of paper as a material for the fabrication of effective and multifunctional untethered soft robots.
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of some minor components such as squalene and mono- and diglycerides (MDG) on the frying stability of olive pomace oil. Refined olive pomace ...oil was distilled using a falling film type short-path distillation unit at 230 °C under a pressure of 0.02 mbar to remove minor components. Distilled olive pomace oil was introduced with approximately 10,000 mg/kg of squalene and 2.5% of MDG. Fryings were performed 8 times/day at 180 °C for 3 min. Whole frying procedure proceeded for 5 days. Total polar compounds, polymerized triglycerides (PTG), free fatty acids, viscosity, color index,
p
-anisidine value, smoke point, fatty acid composition and iodine values of the oils were monitored. Results indicated that all criteria except smoke point and iodine value increased in all fractions during fryings. The lowest total polar compound was obtained in distilled olive pomace oil while PTG was the lowest in the MDG added fraction. Lower increases in viscosity and color indexes were recorded in squalene incorporated samples. It was observed that squalene and MDG were not effective on the oxidation rate of unsaturated fatty acids during frying.
Olive pomace oil was distilled using a laboratory scale molecular distillation unit aiming a successful separation of squalene. Pressures were 0.02, 0.1 and 0.5 mbar, and temperatures ranged from 160 ...to 240 °C. Changes in total tocopherol and squalene concentrations of distilled olive pomace oils were monitored. Initial squalene concentration of 10613.1 mg kg−1 was succesfully reduced to 54.58 mg kg−1 at 0.02 mbar and 240 °C which corresponds to a reduction of 99.49% of initial. However, total tocopherol concentration also reduced to 20.2 mg kg−1 from an initial of 204.93 mg kg−1 at the same conditions. Similarly, an unfortunate loss of tocopherols with 90.14% at T = 240 °C and P = 0.02 mbar was observed. As being important antioxidants, tocopherols are desired to remain in oil; therefore, a multiobjective optimization (MOO) was performed to keep tocopherols in the oil at maximum, while minimizing squalene concentration. With an interactive MOO method, namely NIMBUS, 20 different alternative conditions could be generated. 9 of 20 paths could be considered as feasible and applicable for executing both objectives. One of the optimized conditions was 160 °C and 0.072 mbar where the highest tocopherol concentration of 204.721 mg kg−1 was obtained while squalene concentration was reduced to 3741.586 mg kg−1 in oil.
•Minor compounds of olive pomace oil can be physically separated.•Optimum alternatives for distillation of squalene and tocopherol are determined.•Squalene is considerably separated from olive pomace oil.•Molecular distillation is an efficient way to protect tocopherols.
The development of durable and eco-friendly coatings with excellent adhesion and remarkable surface properties remains a critical pursuit in various industries. This study introduces an innovative ...methodology for the synthesis of glycidyl methacrylate-co-fluorinated methacrylate (P(GMA-co-FMA)) random copolymers with variable fluorine contents derived from GMA and FMA monomers. The copolymerization of these constituents yields coatings with enhanced durability and unique surface characteristics. Particularly, the incorporation of FMA introduces novel surface functionalities, leading to high water and oil repellent properties. The copolymer-coated surfaces exhibited impressive water contact angles ranging from 105° to 125° and decane contact angles ranging from 50° to 85°. The wettability of the P(GMA-co-FMA) coatings demonstrated a strong dependence on the fluorine content in the copolymers, with higher fluorine content resulting in superior water and oil repellency. Through a comprehensive characterization, we demonstrate the exceptional adhesion and self-cleaning capabilities of the fabricated films. Notably, the self-cleaning efficacy of P(GMA-co-FMA)-coated surfaces persists even following a prolonged duration of 6 months. Furthermore, our investigation reveals the influence of copolymer composition on surface wettability and contact angle hysteresis, providing valuable insights for tailoring coating properties. Overall, the novelty of this study lies in the synthesis of P(GMA-co-FMA) copolymer coatings with superior adhesion and self-cleaning properties. These advancements present promising applications in various fields, including electronics, textiles, and medical supplies, where such durable and functional coatings can significantly enhance product performance and longevity.
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•Cooked Chifaa bulgur meets the health claim with more than 3 g of β-glucan/serving.•Phenolics of Chifaa and Yalin barley were significantly higher than Kiziltan wheat.•The amount of ...Ca was same in barley bulgurs and higher than in durum bulgur.•High beta-glucan Chifaa had the lowest GI value.
A high β-glucan hull-less barley (cv. Chifaa) was used in bulgur production and its technological and nutritional properties were compared with bulgurs of another hull-less barley and durum wheat. Although Chifaa bulgur had longer cooking time (9.5 min) which is expected to have an increasing effect on total organic matter (TOM), it had lower TOM (1.31 g/100 g) than the durum bulgur. The phenolics of barleys were significantly higher than those of Kiziltan wheat. The amounts of total phenolic contents decreased after bulgur production. While glycemic index (GI) of durum bulgur was high, GI of barley bulgurs were medium probably due to their higher β-glucan contents. The GI of Chifaa (56.25) is very close to the limit value of low GI foods (56). The limit to bear the health claim is 3 g of β-glucans/serving. The results indicated that this can be provided per serving of high β-glucan barley bulgur.
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