There are few atopic dermatitis (AD) incidence cohort studies in young adults, the etiology of this disease remains obscure, and AD risk factors in adults are not well understood. The objective of ...this study was to estimate AD ten-year incidence and prevalence in a cohort of adolescent aged 14–16 at inception in Castellon province in Valencia Region, Spain and describe related risk factors.
From 2002 to 2012, a population-based prospective cohort study was carried out. Questionnaires from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) were used with an additional questionnaire for related factors completed by participants and their parents, respectively, in 2002. In 2012 the same questionnaires were completed by the participants’ through a telephone interview, and incidence and prevalence of AD were estimated. Directed acyclic graphs, Poisson regression and inverse probability weighted regression adjustment were used.
The participation rate was 79.5% (1435/1805) with AD lifetime prevalence of 34.9% and AD incidence of 13.5 per 1000 person years. Females presented higher prevalence and incidence than males. After adjustment significant risk factors were being female, history of asthma or allergic rhinitis, family history of AD, history of respiratory infections, history of bronchitis, history of pneumonia, history of sinusitis, and birthplace outside Castellon province. The highest AD population attributable risks were female, 30.3%, and history of respiratory infections 15.3%. Differences with AD childhood risk factors were found.
AD incidence in our cohort was high and several risks factors were related to AD.
The objective was to estimate the incidence of asthma in young adults from 13–15 years old to 23–25 years old, and associated factors.
In 2012, a population-based prospective cohort study was carried ...out in Castellon from the cohort who had participated in the International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood in 1994 and 2002. A telephone survey was undertaken using the same questionnaires. A new case of asthma was defined as a participant free of the disease in 2002 who suffered asthma, was diagnosed with asthma, or took medications against asthma based on self-report from 2002 to 2012.
The mean age of participants was 24.9±0.6 with a follow-up of 79.1%. Asthma cumulative incidence was 3.4%: 44 new cases occurred among 1280 participants. The incidence was higher in females than males with relative risk (RR)=2.02 (95% confidence interval CI 1.1–3.8). A significant decrease of asthma incidence density was observed (8.2 cases to 3.5 cases per 1000 person/year). Factors associated with the incidence of asthma were allergic rhinitis (RR=4.05; 95% CI 1.7–9.6), bronchitis (RR=2.13; 95% CI 1.0–4.5), mother's age at time of birth (RR=0.87; 95% CI 0.8–0.9) and a pet other than a dog or cat (RR=0.42; 95% CI 0.2–0.9). For gender, some variations in the risk factors were observed.
A significant decrease in the incidence of asthma was observed. Several risk and protective factors were found.
Abstract Background The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of Allergic Rhinitis (AR) in young adults and its risk or protective factors. Methods A population-based prospective ...cohort study was carried out in 2012. The cohort participated in the International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood in Castellon in 1994 and 2002. A telephone survey was conducted using the same questionnaires. A new case of AR was defined as the participants free of the disease in 2002, who self-reported suffering from AR or taking medications for AR in the period 2002–2012. Results Of the 1805 schoolchildren in the cohort in 2002, 1435 young adults (23–25 years old) participated (follow-up 79.1%) in 2012; 743 were female and 692 male; their mean age was 24.9 ± 0.6 years. Two hundred new cases of AR occurred in 1259 participants free of the disease with an incidence of 17.3 per 1000 person–years, and the incidence increased from 2002 (RR = 1.42; 95% CI 1.15–1.75). The risk factors of AR adjusted by age and gender were sinusitis (RR = 1.77; 95% CI 1.16–2.68), atopic dermatitis (RR = 1.51; 95% CI 1.11–2.06) and constant exposure to truck traffic (RR = 1.88; 95% CI 1.12–3.17). For male participants, the risk factors were asthma, sinusitis and atopic dermatitis, and for females bronchitis was a risk factor and presence of older siblings a protective factor. Conclusions An increase in AR incidence was observed. Sinusitis, atopic dermatitis and constant exposure to truck traffic were the risk factors of the AR with some differences by gender.
A subpopulation of neurons in the globus pallidus projects to the neostriatum, which is the major recipient of afferent information to the basal ganglia. Given the moderate nature of this projection, ...we hypothesized that the pallidostriatal projection might exert indirect but powerful control over principal neuron activity by targeting interneurons, which comprise only a small percentage of neostriatal neurons. This was tested by the juxtacellular labeling and recording of pallidal neurons in combination with immunolabeling of postsynaptic neurons. In addition to innervating the subthalamic nucleus and output nuclei, 6 of 23 labeled pallidal neurons projected to the neostriatum. Both the firing characteristics and the extent of the axonal arborization in the neostriatum were variable. However, light and electron microscopic analysis of five pallidostriatal neurons revealed that each neuron selectively innervated neostriatal interneurons. A large proportion of the boutons of an individual axon (19-66%) made contact with parvalbumin-immunoreactive interneurons. An individual parvalbumin-immunoreactive neuron (n = 27) was apposed on average by 6.7 boutons (SD = 6.1) from a single pallidal axon (n = 2). Individual pallidostriatal boutons typically possessed more than one symmetrical synaptic specialization. In addition, 3-32% of boutons of axons from four of five pallidal neurons contacted nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive neurons. Descending collaterals of pallidostriatal neurons were also found to make synaptic contact with dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons of the substantia nigra. These data imply that during periods of cortical activation, individual pallidal neurons may influence the activity of GABAergic interneurons of the neostriatum (which are involved in feed-forward inhibition and synchronization of principle neuron activity) while simultaneously patterning neuronal activity in basal ganglia downstream of the neostriatum.
Objetivo. Estudiar la asociación entre la prevalencia de eczema atópico (EA) y la dureza del agua de uso doméstico. Material y métodos. El estudio ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies ...in Childhood) estimó la prevalencia de EA en seis localidades de Castellón, España, en escolares de 6-7 y 13-14 años durante 2002. Se establecieron tres zonas de <200 mg/l, 200-250 mg/l, y >300 mg/l según la dureza del agua doméstica de esas localidades. Se empleo regresión logística en el análisis. Resultados. En escolares de 6-7 años, las prevalencias acumuladas de EA en las tres zonas fueron de 28.6, 30.5 y 36.5%. Entre la zona 1 y la zona 3, la razón de momios ajustada (RMa) fue 1.58 (IC 95% 1.04-2.39) (prueba de tendencia ajustada p=0.034). La prevalencias de síntomas de EA en el último año fueron de 4.7, 4.5, y 10.4%, respectivamente. Entre la zona 1 y la zona 3, la (RMa) fue 2.29 (IC95% 1.19-4.42) (prueba de tendencia ajustada p=0.163). En escolares de 13-14 años no se apreciaron tendencias significativas. Conclusiones. Se sugiere que la dureza del agua podría tener alguna importancia en el desarrollo de la enfermedad en los escolares de 6-7 años.
Summary
Interleukin (IL)‐17 plays an important role in the pathogenesis in a number of immune inflammatory disorders. This study aims to investigate the mechanism by which microbial product flagellin ...is involved in the development of T helper type (Th)17 cells. Serum levels of IL‐17 and CXCL9‐11 in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) were evaluated. The source and mechanism of CXC11 release in intestinal mucosa were examined with colonic biopsies from UC patients and a colitis mouse model. The role of flagellin in the development of Th17 cells was studied with a cell co‐culture system. High serum levels of CXCL11 and IL‐17 were observed in UC. Flagellin could induce the production of CXCL11 in CD14+ cells that facilitated the development of Th17 cells. In a skewed Th1 response environment flagellin induces intestinal inflammation, with IL‐17 expression predominant. CXCR3/CXCL11 pathway is involved in microbial product flagellin‐induced intestinal inflammation in which the Th17 response plays an important role.
Estimar la incidencia de rinitis alérgica en población escolar de Castellón al comparar las fases I y III del International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), efectuadas en 1994 y ...2002, respectivamente.
Se estudió una cohorte de 3.607 escolares que participaron en la fase I (grupo de 6 y 7 años). De ellos, 8 años más tarde, participaron en la fase III 1.805 (grupo de 14 y 15 años), con 1.627 escolares sin rinitis alérgica en la fase I. Se estimó la incidencia acumulada de rinitis alérgica. Se utilizaron dos definiciones como caso nuevo de rinitis alérgica, la primera por diagnóstico o tratamiento médico de la rinitis alérgica y la segunda incluyendo, además, síntomas en los últimos 12 meses. Se calculó el riesgo relativo mediante modelos de regresión de Poisson.
La participación alcanzó el 50 % y se detectaron 151 casos nuevos de rinitis alérgica según la primera definición (incidencia acumulada 9,3 y 1,2 % anual), y 339 casos nuevos con la segunda definición (incidencia acumulada 20,8 y 2,6 % anual). No se observaron diferencias por sexo para la primera definición (riesgo relativo RR: 1,00; intervalo de confianza del 95 % IC 95%: 0,73-1,38), pero con la segunda definición las mujeres tuvieron mayor incidencia (RR: 1,46; IC 95 %: 1,18-1,82).
La incidencia acumulada de rinitis alérgica según la primera definición fue comparable a las estimadas en estudios de cohorte de poblaciones adolescentes.
To estimate the incidence of allergic rhinitis in schoolchildren in Castellón by comparing phases I and III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), carried out in 1994 and 2002, respectively.
A cohort study was performed with 3607 schoolchildren aged 6-7 years old who participated in phase I of the ISAAC study. Of these, 1805 participated in phase III (8 years later) at the age of 14-15 years, with 1627 schoolchildren without allergic rhinitis in phase I. The cumulative incidence of allergic rhinitis was estimated. Two definitions of new cases of allergic rhinitis were used: the first was based on medical diagnosis or treatment of the disease, and the second also included symptoms of allergic rhinitis in the previous 12 months. Relative risks were calculated using Poisson regression.
Participation was 50.0%, and 151 new cases of allergic rhinitis according to the first definition (cumulative incidence of 9.3% and 1.2% per year) and 339 new cases according to the second definition (cumulative incidence of 20.8 % and 2.6% per year) were found. No differences in incidence by gender were observed with the first definition (RR = 1.00 95 % CI 0.73-1.38) but with the second definition, the incidence was greater in girls (RR = 1.46 95% CI 1.18-1.82).
The cumulative incidence of allergic rhinitis according to the first definition was in the range of incidence from cohort studies of adolescents.
Core-collapse supernovae are among the most magnificent events in the observable universe. They produce many of the chemical elements necessary for life to exist and their remnants -- neutron stars ...and black holes -- are interesting astrophysical objects in their own right. However, despite millennia of observations and almost a century of astrophysical study, the explosion mechanism of core-collapse supernovae is not yet well understood. Hyper-Kamiokande is a next-generation neutrino detector that will be able to observe the neutrino flux from the next galactic core-collapse supernova in unprecedented detail. We focus on the first 500 ms of the neutrino burst, corresponding to the accretion phase, and use a newly-developed, high-precision supernova event generator to simulate Hyper-Kamiokande's response to five different supernova models. We show that Hyper-Kamiokande will be able to distinguish between these models with high accuracy for a supernova at a distance of up to 100 kpc. Once the next galactic supernova happens, this ability will be a powerful tool for guiding simulations towards a precise reproduction of the explosion mechanism observed in nature.
To estimate the incidence of allergic rhinitis in schoolchildren in Castellón by comparing phases I and III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), carried out in ...1994 and 2002, respectively.
A cohort study was performed with 3607 schoolchildren aged 6-7 years old who participated in phase I of the ISAAC study. Of these, 1805 participated in phase III (8 years later) at the age of 14-15 years, with 1627 schoolchildren without allergic rhinitis in phase I. The cumulative incidence of allergic rhinitis was estimated. Two definitions of new cases of allergic rhinitis were used: the first was based on medical diagnosis or treatment of the disease, and the second also included symptoms of allergic rhinitis in the previous 12 months. Relative risks were calculated using Poisson regression.
Participation was 50.0 %, and 151 new cases of allergic rhinitis according to the first definition (cumulative incidence of 9.3 % and 1.2 % per year) and 339 new cases according to the second definition (cumulative incidence of 20.8 % and 2.6 % per year) were found. No differences in incidence by gender were observed with the first definition (RR = 1.00 95 % CI 0.73-1.38) but with the second definition, the incidence was greater in girls (RR = 1.46 95 % CI 1.18-1.82).
The cumulative incidence of allergic rhinitis according to the first definition was in the range of incidence from cohort studies of adolescents.
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