Pyroptosis: A new frontier in cancer Fang, Yuan; Tian, Shengwang; Pan, Yutian ...
Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy,
January 2020, 2020-01-00, 20200101, 2020-01-01, Volume:
121
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
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•Pyroptosis, is a hot, caspase-1/4/5/11-dependent inflammatory cell death.•Pyroptosis is also an emerging hot spot in cancer.•Pyroptosis plays a crucial role in the proliferation and ...migration of cancer regulated by molecules like non-coding RNAs.•These molecules have guiding significance in prevention and treatment of cancer.
Pyroptosis is an inflammatory form of cell death triggered by certain inflammasomes, leading to the cleavage of gasdermin D (GSDMD) and activation of inactive cytokines like IL-18 and IL-1β. Pyroptosis has been reported to be closely associated to some diseases like atherosclerosis and diabetic nephropathy. Recently, some studies found that pyroptosis can influence the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of tumor, which regulated by some non-coding RNAs and other molecules. Hence, we provided an overview of morphological and molecular characteristics of pyroptosis. We also focus on mechanism of regulating pyroptosis in tumor cells as well as the potential roles of pyroptosis in cancer to explore potential diagnostic markers in cancers contributing to the prevention and treatment in cancers.
By combining the synthetic jet and film cooling, the incident cooling flow is specially treated to find a better film cooling method. Numerical simulations of the synthetic coolant ejected are ...carried out for analyzing the cooling performance in detail, under different blowing ratios, hole patterns, Strouhal numbers, and various orders of incidence for the two rows of holes. By comparing the flow structures and the cooling effect corresponding to the synthetic coolant and the steady coolant fields, it is found that within the scope of the investigations, the best cooling effect can be obtained under the incident conditions of an elliptical hole with the aspect ratio of 0.618, the blow molding ratio of 2.5, and the Strouhal number St = 0.22. Due to the strong controllability of the synthetic coolant, the synthetic coolant can be controlled through adjusting the frequency of blowing and suction, so as to change the interaction between vortex structures for improving film cooling effect in turn. As a result, the synthetic coolant ejection is more advisable in certain conditions to achieve better outcomes.
Yue, G. and Pan, Y., 2019. Intelligent inspection of marine disasters based on UAV intelligent vision. In: Guido-Aldana, P.A. and Mulahasan, S. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources and Exploration. ...Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 93, pp. 410–416. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. In order to improve the intelligent inspection ability of marine disasters, an intelligent inspection method of marine disasters based on intelligent visual feature analysis of UAV is proposed, the remote sensing image acquisition model of UAV for intelligent inspection of marine disasters is constructed, the remote sensing feature detection of UAV for intelligent inspection of marine disasters is carried out by using the method of edge profile feature decomposition of marine disasters, and the pixel spatial reconstruction model of remote sensing images of UAV for intelligent inspection of marine disasters is constructed. Edge pixel information fusion and image region reconstruction are used to extract the high spatial features of UAV remote sensing images for intelligent inspection of marine disasters. Combined with UAV remote sensing data fusion method, the intelligent inspection of marine disasters is realized. The simulation results show that the method has good accuracy in intelligent inspection of marine disasters, and the accuracy of remote sensing feature extraction of UAV in intelligent inspection of marine disasters is high, and the intelligent inspection and dynamic real-time monitoring of marine disasters are realized.
A growing emphasis in anticancer drug discovery efforts has been on targeting histone acetylation modulators. Here we comprehensively analyze the genomic alterations of the genes encoding histone ...acetylation modulator proteins (HAMPs) in the Cancer Genome Atlas cohort and observe that HAMPs have a high frequency of focal copy number alterations and recurrent mutations, whereas transcript fusions of HAMPs are relatively rare genomic events in common adult cancers. Collectively, 86.3% (63/73) of HAMPs have recurrent alterations in at least 1 cancer type and 16 HAMPs, including 9 understudied HAMPs, are identified as putative therapeutic targets across multiple cancer types. For example, the recurrent focal amplification of BRD9 is observed in 9 cancer types and genetic depletion of BRD9 inhibits tumor growth. Our systematic genomic analysis of HAMPs across a large-scale cancer specimen cohort may facilitate the identification and prioritization of potential drug targets and selection of suitable patients for precision treatment.
MicroRNAs and long noncoding RNAs have long been investigated due to their roles as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of cancers and regulators of tumorigenesis, and the potential regulatory roles ...of these molecules in anticancer therapies are attracting increasing interest as more in-depth studies are performed. The major clinical therapies for cancer include chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted molecular therapy. MicroRNAs and long noncoding RNAs function through various mechanisms in these approaches, and the mechanisms involve direct targeting of immune checkpoints, cooperation with exosomes in the tumor microenvironment, and alteration of drug resistance through regulation of different signaling pathways. Herein we review the regulatory functions and significance of microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs in three anticancer therapies, especially in targeted molecular therapy, and their mechanisms.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membranous vesicles secreted from numerous cell types and have been found involved in cell-to-cell communication by transferring noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) ...including microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs. Emerging evidence shows that EV-associated ncRNAs play important roles in a wide range of diseases, particularly in cancer where they function through regulating protein expression of the pivotal genes that make contributions to tumorigenesis. Given their stability and abundance in serum, EV-associated ncRNAs can act as new diagnostic biomarkers and new therapeutic targets for cancer. Herein, we review the properties of EV-associated ncRNAs, their functions, and potential significance in cancer.
Men of predominantly African Ancestry (AA) have higher prostate cancer (CaP) incidence and worse survival than men of predominantly European Ancestry (EA). While socioeconomic factors drive this ...disparity, genomic factors may also contribute to differences in the incidence and mortality rates. To compare the prevalence of prostate tumor genomic alterations and transcriptomic profiles by patient genetic ancestry, we evaluated genomic profiles from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) CaP cohort (n = 498). Patient global and local genetic ancestry were estimated by computational algorithms using genotyping data; 414 (83.1%) were EA, 61 (12.2%) were AA, 11 (2.2%) were East Asian Ancestry (EAA), 10 (2.0%) were Native American (NA), and 2 (0.4%) were other ancestry. Genetic ancestry was highly concordant with self-identified race/ethnicity. Subsequent analyses were limited to 61 AA and 414 EA cases. Significant differences were observed by ancestry in the frequency of SPOP mutations (20.3% AA vs. 10.0% EA; p = 5.6×10-03), TMPRSS2-ERG fusions (29.3% AA vs. 39.6% EA; p = 4.4×10-02), and PTEN deletions/losses (11.5% AA vs. 30.2% EA; p = 3.5×10-03). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between AAs and EAs showed significant enrichment for prostate eQTL target genes (p = 8.09×10-48). Enrichment of highly expressed DEGs for immune-related pathways was observed in AAs, and for PTEN/PI3K signaling in EAs. Nearly one-third of DEGs (31.3%) were long non-coding RNAs (DE-lncRNAs). The proportion of DE-lncRNAs with higher expression in AAs greatly exceeded that with lower expression in AAs (p = 1.2×10-125). Both ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data suggested a stronger regulatory role for AR signaling pathways in DE-lncRNAs vs. non-DE-lncRNAs. CaP-related oncogenic lncRNAs, such as PVT1, PCAT1 and PCAT10/CTBP1-AS, were found to be more highly expressed in AAs. We report substantial heterogeneity in the prostate tumor genome and transcriptome between EA and AA. These differences may be biological contributors to racial disparities in CaP incidence and outcomes.
Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are a novel type of small noncoding RNAs, which are 26–30 nt in length and bind to Piwi proteins. These short RNAs were originally discovered in germline cells and are ...considered as key regulators for germline maintenance. A growing body of evidence has now extended our views into piRNA biological significance showing that they can also regulate gene expression in somatic cells through transposon silencing, epigenetic programming, DNA rearrangements, mRNA turnover, and translational control. Mounting studies have revealed that the dysregulation of piRNAs may cause epigenetic changes and contribute to diverse diseases. This review illustrates piRNA biogenesis, mechanisms behind piRNA-mediated gene regulation, and changes of piRNAs in different diseases, especially in cancers.
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Shu and colleagues demonstrate the biogenesis, functions, changes, and probable roles of piRNAs in diseases of different systems, especially in cancers. piRNAs are promising novel biomarkers for early diagnosis and therapeutic targets for precise medicine.
The tumor microenvironment (TME), controlled by intrinsic mechanisms of carcinogenesis and epigenetic modifications, has, in recent years, become a heavily researched topic. The TME can be described ...in terms of hypoxia, metabolic dysregulation, immune escape, and chronic inflammation. RNA methylation, an epigenetic modification, has recently been found to have a pivotal role in shaping the TME. The N6-methylation of adenosine (m6A) modification is the most common type of RNA methylation that occurs in the N6-position of adenosine, which is the primary internal modification of eukaryotic mRNA. Compelling evidence has demonstrated that m6A regulates transcriptional and protein expression through splicing, translation, degradation, and export, thereby mediating the biological processes of cancer cells and/or stromal cells and characterizing the TME. The TME also has a crucial role in the complicated regulatory network of m6A modifications and, subsequently, influences tumor initiation, progression, and therapy responses. In this review, we describe the features of the TME and how the m6A modification modulates and interacts with it. We also focus on various factors and pathways involved in m6A methylation. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies and prognostic biomarkers with respect to the TME and m6A modification.
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Gu and colleagues demonstrated the characteristics and development of the tumor microenvironment and how RNA methylation modulates and interacts with it.
In the present study, conditions for
Bacillus mucilaginous
fermentation using
Agaricus bisporus
wastewater as culture medium were optimized. We analyzed the total number of living
B. mucilaginous
in ...the fermentation broth using multispectral imaging flow cytometry. Single-factor experiments were carried out, where a Plackett–Burman design was used to screen out three factors from the original six factors of processing wastewater solubility, initial pH, inoculum size, liquid volume, culture temperature, and rotation speed that affected the total number of viable
B. mucilaginous
. The Box–Behnken response surface method was used to optimize interactions between the three main factors and predict optimal fermentation conditions. Factors significantly affecting the total number of viable
B. mucilaginous
, including shaking speed, culturing temperature, and initial pH, were investigated. The optimum conditions for
B. mucilaginous
fermentation in
A. bisporus
wastewater were a rotational speed of 195 rpm, culture temperature of 29 °C, initial pH of 6.5, solubility of 0.5%, 8% inoculation volume, and 90 mL liquid volume in a 250 mL flask, culture time of 48 h. Under these conditions, the concentration of total viable bacteria reached 2.16 ± 0.02 × 10
8
Obj/mL, which meets the national standard.
A. bisporus
wastewater can be used for the cultivation of
B. mucilaginous
.
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