In this study, we synthesized fluorescent europium oxide (Eu2O3) nanosheets (EuNSs) using different approaches such as chemical-based methods and green synthesis, using Dedleya brittonii (DB) extract ...as an effective chelating agent for biological preparation. A modified hydrothermal method was used to synthesize chemical Eu2O3 nanosheets (CH-EuNS) and DB extract-based Eu2O3 nanosheets (DB-EuNS). Field emission scanning electron microscopy and HR-TEM analyses revealed that both EuNS had a sheet-like morphology, with an average thickness of 5–8 nm. The UV–Vis absorbance spectra of CH-EuNS and DB-EuNS showed clear bands at 320 and 325 nm, respectively; the band at approximately 320 nm corresponded to the absorbance of the Eu nanomaterial. The luminescence spectra of CH-EuNS and DB-EuNS showed strong red emission peaks centered at 616 and 612 nm, respectively, which were attributed to (5D0→7F3) and (5D0→7F2), respectively. Pure CH-EuNS and DB-EuNS showed no cytotoxicity against NIH 3 T3 fibroblasts and HeLa cancer cells at a high concentration (2 mg/mL) after 24 hr of exposure. Based on this outcome, unmodified CH-EuNS and DB-EuNS were used to detect ampicillin (AMP) antibiotics. The effectiveness of pure EuNS in detecting the presence of AMP was evaluated in various media, i.e., water, ethanol, and citrate buffer. Depending on the concentration of the different media, CH-EuNS with citrate buffer and ethanol exhibited maximum emission intensity variations of the 5D0 → 7F3 transition in the EuNS and AMP complexes at 618 nm. The luminescence of CH-EuNS and DB-EuNS was quenched in the presence of AMP at different concentrations (50 – 1 µM) in citrate buffer, whereas the luminescence intensity of pure EuNS was significantly higher than that of the EuNS-AMP mixture. The optimal linear concentration range for AMP was assessed under photoluminescence intensities of 0 to 50 µM, and the detection limit was determined to be 5 µM. This study suggests that CH-EuNS and DB-EuNS in a citrate buffer medium could effectively bind with AMP without ligand modification and significantly reduce the emission intensity due to the presence of AMP in the solution. Therefore, unmodified EuNS could be applied to detect AMP in a solution; however, for it to be used to detect AMP in real samples, it had to be optimized using a fluorescent nanomaterial.
Biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles has a significant impact in developing sustainable technologies for human, animal, and environmental safety. In this study, we synthesized gold and silver ...nanoparticles (NPs) using
(SP) extract and characterized them using UV-visible spectrophotometry, FESEM-EDX, HR-TEM, XRD, and FT-IR spectroscopy. Furthermore, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and cytotoxicity of the synthesized NPs were evaluated. UV-visible absorption spectra showed λ
at 531 and 410 nm, corresponding to the presence of SP gold NPs (SP-AuNPs) and SP silver NPs (SP-AgNPs). Most NPs were spherical and a few were triangular rods, measuring 5-30 and 10-40 nm, respectively. EDX elemental composition analysis revealed that SP-AuNPs and SP-AgNPs accounted for >60% and 30% of NPs, respectively. Additionally, some organic moieties were present, likely derived from various metabolites in the natural plant extract, which acted as stabilizing and reducing agents. Next, the antimicrobial activity of the NPs against pathogenic microbes was tested. SP-AgNPs showed potent antibacterial activity against
and
. Moreover, at moderate and low concentrations, both NPs exhibited weak cytotoxicity in chicken fibroblasts (DF-1) and macrophages (HD11) as well as human intestinal cancer cells (HT-29). Meanwhile, at high concentrations, the NPs exhibited strong cytotoxicity in both chicken and human cell lines. Therefore, the synthesized SP-AuNPs and SP-AgNPs may act as promising materials to treat poultry diseases.
To improve reproductive performance in cattle, the accurate detection of estrus and optimization of insemination relative to ovulation are necessary. However, poor heat detection by farm staff leads ...to a decreased conception rate, thus inflicting economic damage to the beef and dairy industries. This study aimed to develop monoclonal antibodies (mAb) that can specifically bind to the bovine lactoferrin (bLF) protein, which we have previously demonstrated to be overexpressed in bovine cervical mucus during estrus. Female rats were intraperitoneally immunized with bLF protein as the antigen. Anti-bLF mAbs were then purified by affinity chromatography, and their binding affinity for the bLF antigen was examined using ELISA. We found a high binding affinity between mAbs and bLF. Finally, we developed a rapid bovine heat detection kit using the anti-bLF mAbs that we generated and tested on cervical mucus from 12 cows (estrous synchronization, n = 2; natural cycling, n = 10). We found that the kits accurately detected estrus. Overall, our fabricated heat detection kit based on rat anti-bLF mAbs could pave the way for the development of potent tools for heat detection devices for dairy cattle, thereby preventing economic loss.
In this study, we utilized processed edible commercial wheat and oat flours to synthesize highly fluorescent carbon dots using green hydrothermal synthesis. The as‐synthesized carbon quantum dots ...(CQDs) were characterized using UV‐vis spectrophotometry, photoluminescence spectrophotometry, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The synthesized wheat‐CQDs (W‐CQDs) and oat‐CQDs (O‐CQDs) had monodispersed spherical shapes with average sizes of 3–8 and 5–10 nm, respectively, and exhibited strong fluorescence intensity and excitation‐dependent photoluminescence. The W‐CQDs and O‐CQDs were highly dispersed in aqueous solutions and exhibited bright green and blue fluorescence, respectively, under UV light (λex=380 and 370 nm). Both CQDs contained abundant functional groups, including amino, hydroxyl, and carboxyl groups, which may play a major role in biological applications. The W‐CQDs and O‐CQDs showed good free‐radical scavenging capacity in the 2,2‐diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and H2O2 assays. The anti‐inflammatory activities of W‐CQDs and O‐CQDs were more effective than that of the standard, with EC50 values of 1.8 and 1.3 mg/mL, respectively, in the protein denaturation assay. Additionally, the CQDs exhibited low cytotoxicity toward NIH3T3 fibroblast and human HeLa cervical cancer cells when treated with a 5‐mg/mL concentration. Therefore, green‐synthesized W‐CQDs and O‐CQDs are easily available, less cytotoxic, and applicable to therapeutic and cell nanocarrier purposes.
Wheat and Oat flours extract used for the synthesis of CQDs by sustainable hydrothermal method. The synthesized W‐CQDs and O‐CQDs exhibits potent optical properties. W‐CQDs and O‐CQDs are low toxicity against NIH3T3 cells and HeLa cancer cells. The synthesized CQDs have good anti‐oxidant and anti‐inflammatory activity in in‐vitro assays.
Biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles has a significant impact in developing sustainable technologies for human, animal, and environmental safety. In this study, we synthesized gold and silver ...nanoparticles (NPs) using Sedeveria pink ruby (SP) extract and characterized them using UV–visible spectrophotometry, FESEM-EDX, HR-TEM, XRD, and FT-IR spectroscopy. Furthermore, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and cytotoxicity of the synthesized NPs were evaluated. UV–visible absorption spectra showed λsub.max at 531 and 410 nm, corresponding to the presence of SP gold NPs (SP-AuNPs) and SP silver NPs (SP-AgNPs). Most NPs were spherical and a few were triangular rods, measuring 5–30 and 10–40 nm, respectively. EDX elemental composition analysis revealed that SP-AuNPs and SP-AgNPs accounted for >60% and 30% of NPs, respectively. Additionally, some organic moieties were present, likely derived from various metabolites in the natural plant extract, which acted as stabilizing and reducing agents. Next, the antimicrobial activity of the NPs against pathogenic microbes was tested. SP-AgNPs showed potent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Moreover, at moderate and low concentrations, both NPs exhibited weak cytotoxicity in chicken fibroblasts (DF-1) and macrophages (HD11) as well as human intestinal cancer cells (HT-29). Meanwhile, at high concentrations, the NPs exhibited strong cytotoxicity in both chicken and human cell lines. Therefore, the synthesized SP-AuNPs and SP-AgNPs may act as promising materials to treat poultry diseases.
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