The present study was conducted to test the effects of KNO3, KH2PO4, and CaCl2 on shoot multiplication, root proliferation, and accumulation of phytochemicals in in vitro cultures of Oroxylum ...indicum. The results indicate that modifying the MS salt formulation in relation to particular inorganic nutrients highly affected shoot multiplication, root proliferation, and accumulation of flavonoids in in vitro cultures. A concentration of 0.60 g L−1 CaCl2 resulted in the highest frequency of shoot regeneration (5.6 shoots per explant). A concentration of 0.40 g L−1 CaCl2 resulted in the highest frequency of root regeneration (7.8 roots per shoot). Modifications of the concentrations of inorganic salts were also found to be advantageous for production media for both multiple shoots and shoot-derived root in vitro cultures. Multiple shoots generated on shoot induction medium with a concentration of 0.60 g L−1 CaCl2 and roots generated on root induction medium with a concentration of 1.5 g L−1 KNO3 yielded about a five times higher flavonoid level than cultures generated on control medium respectively.
Present study described rumen microbiome of Indian cattle (Kankrej breed) to better understand the microbial diversity and largely unknown functional capacity of the rumen microbiome under different ...dietary treatments. Kankrej cattle were gradually adapted to a high-forage diet (four animals with dry forage and four with green forage) containing 50 % (K1), 75 % (K2) to 100 % (K3) forage, and remaining concentrate diet, each for 6 weeks followed by analysis of rumen fiber adherent and fiber-free metagenomic community by shotgun sequencing using ion torrent PGM platform and EBI-metagenomics annotation pipeline. Taxonomic analysis indicated that rumen microbiome was dominated by
Bacteroidetes
followed by
Firmicutes
,
Fibrobacter
,
Proteobacteria
, and
Tenericutes
. Functional analysis based on gene ontology classified all reads in total 157 categories based on their functional role in biological, molecular, and cellular component with abundance of genes associated with hydrolase activity, membrane, transport, transferase, and different metabolism (such as carbohydrate and protein). Statistical analysis using STAMP revealed significant differences (
P
< 0.05) between solid and liquid fraction of rumen (in 65 categories), between all three treatments (in 56 categories), and between green and dry roughage (17 categories). Diet treatment also exerted significant difference in environmental gene tags (EGTs) involved in metabolic pathways for production of volatile fatty acids. EGTs for butyrate production were abundant in K2, whereas EGTs for propionate production was abundant during K1. Principal component analysis also demonstrated that diet proportion, fraction of rumen, and type of forage affected rumen microbiome at taxonomic as well as functional level.
We investigated the utility of the Oncomine Breast cfDNA Assay for detecting circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in women from a breast screening population, including healthy women with no abnormality ...detected by mammogram, and women on follow-up through to advanced breast cancer.
Blood samples were taken from 373 women (127 healthy controls recruited through breast screening, 28 ductal carcinoma in situ, 60 primary breast cancers, 47 primary breast cancer on follow-up, and 111 metastatic breast cancers MBC) to recover plasma and germline DNA for analysis with the Oncomine Breast cfDNA Assay on the Ion S5 platform.
One hundred sixteen of 373 plasma samples had one or more somatic variants detected across eight of the 10 genes and were called ctDNA-positive; MBC had the highest proportion of ctDNA-positive samples (61; 55%) and healthy controls the lowest (20; 15.7%).
,
, and
mutations account for 93% of all variants detected and predict poor overall survival in MBC (hazard ratio = 3.461; 95% CI, 1.866 to 6.42;
= .001). Patients with MBC had higher plasma cell-free DNA levels, higher variant allele frequencies, and more polyclonal variants, notably in
than in all other groups. Only 15 individuals had evidence of potential clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential mutations.
We were able detect ctDNA across the breast cancer spectrum, notably in MBC where variants in
,
, and
predicted poor overall survival. The assay could be used to monitor emergence of resistance mutations such as in
that herald resistance to aromatase inhibitors to tailor adjuvant therapies. However, we suggest caution is needed when interpreting results from a single plasma sample as variants were also detected in a small proportion of HCs.
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