This study aimed at investigating flaxseed (Linnum usitatissimum) oil extraction using subcritical propane. Extractions were performed in a laboratory scale unit at temperature (20–60 °C) and ...pressure (80–120 bar) experimental conditions. Subcritical extraction process kinetic aspects evaluation was performed using four mathematical models found in the literature. The subcritical propane process successfully extracted Omega 3-6-9 fatty acids presenting good yielding in the experimental conditions studied. Physical characterization for commercial and subcritical propane extraction oils presented 1.477 and 1.473 refractive indexes at 40 °C, respectively. The oil extracted using subcritical propane presented free fatty acid contents lower than commercial oil (0.95% wt vs 1.37% wt). The adjusted parameters models presented good fitting with the experimental data under the investigated conditions.
•Kinetic aspects of subcritical extraction process was investigated by using four mathematics models.•Subcritical propane successfully extracted the omega fatty acids with no significant changes in the experimental conditions.•Physical characterization showed that the oil obtained by subcritical propane was less free fatty acid than commercial oil.•The models present good fitting with the experimental data under the investigated conditions.
This study presents a comprehensive literature review that investigates the distinctions between true and false cinnamon. Given the intricate compositions of essential oils (EOs), various ...discrimination approaches were explored to ensure quality, safety, and authenticity, thereby establishing consumer confidence. Through the utilization of physical–chemical and instrumental analyses, the purity of EOs was evaluated via qualitative and quantitative assessments, enabling the identification of constituents or compounds within the oils. Consequently, a diverse array of techniques has been documented, encompassing organoleptic, physical, chemical, and instrumental methodologies, such as spectroscopic and chromatographic methods. Electronic noses (e-noses) exhibit significant potential for identifying cinnamon adulteration, presenting a rapid, non-destructive, and cost-effective approach. Leveraging their capability to detect and analyze volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles, e-noses can contribute to ensuring authenticity and quality in the food and fragrance industries. Continued research and development efforts in this domain will assuredly augment the capacities of this promising avenue, which is the utilization of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) algorithms in conjunction with spectroscopic data to combat cinnamon adulteration.
This study investigated the effect of 7-chloro-4-(phenylselanyl) quinoline (4-PSQ) to restore the cognitive impairment caused by aging in male Wistar rats. Moreover, modulation of neuroplasticity ...markers, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and cholesterol levels was performed. Aged rats were intragastrically treated with 4-PSQ (5 mg/kg) for 7 days. Animals were tested in behavioral tasks, and then plasma (to determine cholesterol levels), hippocampus, and cerebral cortex (to determine neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and polysialyltransferase (PST) levels, and AChE activity) were removed. Our findings demonstrated that treatment of aged rats with 4-PSQ restored short-term and long-term memories in the object recognition tests. 4-PSQ treatment did not restore exploratory activity (rearings) but partially restored locomotor activity (crossings) reduced by aging in the open-field test. Moreover, the compound restored the reduction in the NCAM and PST levels, and AChE activity in cerebral structures, as well as the increase in the plasma cholesterol levels, caused by aging in rats. In conclusion, 4-PSQ restored cognitive impairment caused by aging in rats by modulating synaptic plasticity, cholinergic system, and cholesterol levels.
Bioactive compounds from plant extracts can be sensitive to extraction conditions, especially at high temperatures, so extraction techniques that use milder processing conditions are intensively ...studied and applied. Among these techniques, extraction with pressurized liquids (PLE) stands out as an efficient method widely used to obtain biocompounds of interest. In this work, the objective was to prepare extracts of
M. pulegium
,
E. giganteum
and
S
.
cordifolia
using pressurized liquids, water, ethanol and hydroethanolic solution and to evaluate yield, phenols and flavonoids content, antioxidant activity by radical scavenging method and antimicrobial capacity of the extracts, as well as modeling the kinetic extraction curves, using the Weibull and power law models. Hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts of
M. pulegium
showed the best yield, 40.89 and 35.09%, respectively. Weibull model was fitted to experimental kinetic curves of extraction. Hydroethanolic extract of
M. pulegium
showed the highest amount of phenolic compounds (323.46 mgGA/g). However, for flavonoids it was ethanolic extract of
E. giganteum
(291.14 mgQE/g). Antioxidant activity was better for ethanolic extract of
M. pulegium
(0.02 mg/mL). As for minimum inhibitory concentration, the lowest concentration was found for ethanolic extract of
M. pulegium
, with a value of 0.63 mg/mL, for the bacteria tested.
This work aims at characterizing linseed oil obtained using different extraction methods (hexane, subcritical propane and pressurized ethanol), and comparing the results with commercial linseed oil ...extracted by cold mechanical press method. An experimental design helped to evaluate temperature and pressure effects on the oil extraction using propane and ethanol. Gas chromatography assisted in evaluating the essential fatty acids. There were no significant differences among the ω-3, 6 and 9 fatty acids from linseed oil obtained using the different extraction methods. Only the acidity of linseed oil extracted by subcritical propane (0.956%) showed significant differences among the physicochemical parameters. Extraction using organic solvent (Soxhlet) gave a 36.12% yield. Extraction using subcritical propane at 10
Pa and 40 °C for 1.5 h gave a better yield (28.39%) than pressurized ethanol (8.05%) under similar conditions. Linseed oil extraction using subcritical propane was economically viable, resulting in a 124.58 US$/L product cost. The results present subcritical propane extraction as a promising alternative for obtaining linseed oil at mild temperature and pressure conditions, without losing quality and quantity of fatty acids such as ω-3, 6 and 9.
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•Benzyl cinnamate production was optimized by enzymatic esterification.•The lipase NS 8011 showed efficiency and stability until the 13th cycle.•Benzyl cinnamate showed antioxidant ...activity and toxicity against Artemia salina.
In this work was optimized the production of benzyl cinnamate by enzymatic catalysis using the immobilized lipase NS88011 and to evaluate its biological properties. The optimized condition for this system was 1:3 (acid:alcohol) molar ratio, 59 °C, biocatalyst concentration 4.4 mg.mL−1 for 32 h, with a yield of 97.6 %. The enzyme stability study showed that the enzyme remains active and yields above 60 % until the 13th cycle (416 h), presenting a promising half-life. In the determination of the antioxidant activity of the ester, an inhibitory concentration necessary to inhibit 50 % of the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl DPPH (IC50) of 149.8 mg.mL−1 was observed. For acute toxicity against bioindicator Artemia salina, lethal doses (LD50) of 0.07 and 436.7 μg.mL−1 were obtained for the ester and cinnamic acid, showing that benzyl cinnamate had higher toxicity, indicating potential cytotoxic activity against human tumors.
This paper introduces a novel wearable flexible gas sensor designed specifically for the detection of d‐limonene. The sensor utilizes materials recognized for their high efficiency‐to‐cost ratio, ...notably polyaniline (PANI) combined with carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and graphene oxide (GO) as sensing layers. The study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the nanocomposite layers, examining their functional groups, morphology, topography, thickness, crystallinity, thermal behavior, surface area, as well as the size and volume of their pores. This examination showed distinctions among the nanocomposite layers. PANI/GO exhibited larger pore size and thickness, while PANI/MWCNT_COOH demonstrated a higher surface area. The analysis of thermal stability demonstrated that the film employing the DBSA dopant exhibited the lowest stability. Morphological characterizations showed a globular structure for PANI, tubular characteristics for PANI/MWCNT_COOH, and a flat nature for PANI/GO. When detecting d‐limonene, nanocomposite films doped with HCl demonstrated notably superior response levels. The gas sensors exhibited high sensitivity (>2.24 mV/ppm), a narrow range for the limit of detection (0.12–0.52 ppm), and excellent reversibility, stability, and selectivity. These findings suggest the possibility of broadening the application of gas sensors to monitor additional volatile compounds, with a particular emphasis on the online monitoring of agricultural products.
d‐limonene sensing.
This study reports the optimization of geranyl butanoate production by esterification of geraniol and butanoic acid in a solvent-free system using two immobilized lipases as catalyst. The operating ...conditions that optimized geranyl butanoate production were determined to be 40 °C, a geraniol to butanoic acid molar ratio of 3:1, 150 rpm, 5 wt% of enzyme, and 1 h of reaction, which resulted in a reaction conversion of about 97% for Novozyme 435. When homemade Novozyme NZL-102-LYO-HQ (Cal-B) immobilized in polyurethane foam was used as catalyst, the experimental conditions of an alcohol to acid molar ratio of 5:1, 70 °C, 150 rpm, 5 wt% of enzyme, and 1 h of reaction gave a conversion of 95%. New experimental data on enzymatic esterification of geraniol and butanoic acid for geranyl butanoate production are reported in this work, showing that the technique is promising for overcoming the well-known drawbacks of the chemical-catalyzed route.
Food adulteration is a global concern that affects almost all the food industry. The market for clove essential oil (CEO) has also been affected by corrupt practices. As an alternative to monitoring ...the quality of this product, an electronic nose (e-nose) based on an array of polymeric nanocomposite gas sensors modified with different sensitive layers was applied to detect vaseline (petroleum jelly), the most common adulterant found in the CEO. Different proportions of vaseline (ranging from 3 to 100% (v/v)) were mixed with CEO samples, and the fingerprints of volatile compounds were obtained using the e-nose and Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy. Collected data were analyzed using clustering analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and interactive document map (IDMAP) multivariate projection techniques. These were capable of discriminating between the different percentages of adulterants. The results of this study demonstrated that chemometric tools can be successfully used as e-nose and applied to detect mislabeling and adulteration of CEO, where PCA, LDA, and IDMAP showed accuracies of 99.85, 98.30, and 99.81%, respectively. The e-nose results were consistent with the findings from density and refractive index experiments. Thus, the results obtained demonstrate that the e-nose is a promising tool for analyzing CEO adulterations, proving its potential application in the food industry due to its rapid, economical, and high-performance tool.
Background: This work reports the optimization of geranyl propionate production by esterification of geraniol and propionic acid in a solvent‐free system using a commercial lipase as catalyst. For ...this purpose, a sequential strategy was performed applying two experimental designs. Results: The operating conditions that optimized geranyl propionate production were determined to be 40 °C, geraniol to propionic acid molar ratio of 3:1, 150 rpm and 10 wt% of enzyme, with a resulting reaction conversion of about 93%. After determining the optimum reaction parameters, a kinetic study was carried out evaluating the influence of substrates molar ratio, enzyme concentration and temperature on reaction conversion. Results obtained in this step allow one to conclude that an excess of alcohol (acid to alcohol molar ratio of 1:6), relatively low enzyme concentration (5 wt%), temperature of 40 °C and substrates molar ratio of 1:1 afforded nearly complete reaction conversion after 30 min of reaction. Conclusion: New experimental data on enzymatic esterification of geraniol and propionic acid for geranyl propionate production are reported in this work, showing a promising perspective of the technique to overcome the well‐known drawbacks of the chemical‐catalyzed route. Copyright
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