•A significant difference in leaf water potential between two rubber tree clones was observed at 38days after water deficit (DAWD).•In the FX3864 clone, the appearance of positive L- and K-bands ...occurred at 36 DAWD.•At 36 DAWD, F0 values were significantly higher in FX3864 than in the control.•The two rubber tree clones differed in the plasticity of their response to drought and rewatering.•The RRIM600 clone showed an advantage over the FX3864 clone in low rainfall regions.
This study compared the photosynthetic responses of two clones (RRIM600 and FX3864) of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis L.) subjected to drought stress. This stress was imposed by complete removal of watering until the leaf water potential (Ψw) reached critical values, which occurred at 38days after water deficit (DAWD) for both rubber clones. One-year-old rubber plants were cultivated in 20L pots filled with a soil:sand:humus ratio of 4:3:3. Photosynthetic performance was analyzed by measuring chlorophyll a fluorescence transients at 0, 28, 36, and 38 DAWD. The photochemical process was altered to some extent following water deficit. A decrease in Ψw was observed for both rubber clones at 36 DAWD. The FX3864 clone was more susceptible to drought and showed a deficiency in photosynthetic electron transport. The RRIM600 rubber clone showed an advantage over the FX3864 clone in terms of stability and efficiency in utilizing energy in low rainfall sites.
The processing yield or performance, which includes drying and depulping of coffee fruits, can be calculated as the relationship between the volume of ripe coffee fruits and green coffee weight and ...is a relevant characteristic for the development of new cultivars. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the processing performance of 42 genotypes and one population of Coffea canephora. The treatments consisted of 42 C. canephora genotypes propagated by cuttings and one seed‐derived population arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The genotypes were harvested when 80% of the fruits were in the ripe stage (red berries). We evaluated the relationship of the volume to weight of ripe fruit (ripe fruit volume RFV/ripe fruit weight RFW), the percentage of seed per fruit (% of seeds), the yield (in liters of ripe coffee) required to produce a 60‐kg bag of green coffee, and the relationship between RFW and dry green bean weight (RFW/dry seed weight DSW). The results were subjected to ANOVA, and the means were grouped by the Scott–Knott test (p ≤ .05). The mean yield of the evaluated genotypes was 347.57 L bag–1 of green coffee (between 294.01 and 439.72 L bag–1). A lower seed per fruit percentage identifies genotypes with a lower yield and higher RFW/DSW ratio. The genotypes Z21, 700, AD1, LB1, Emcapa 143, and AP required less than 315 L of ripe coffee to produce one 60‐kg bag of green coffee beans.
•Genetic diversity evaluation based on morphophysiological traits and photosynthetic performance through multivariate analyses.•Wide study considering two annual seasons (winter and summer) and three ...diurnal periods to identify the most resilient materials.•Genetic diversity of coffea canephora is crucial to breeding programs.•Leaf traits correlated with the fluorescence (OJIP-test parameters) concerning the variability in the periods and diurnal times studied.
The knowledge about the genetic variability of a population is essential to increase the selection efficiency of promising genotypes to breeding programs. This study evaluated the genetic diversity among nine Coffea canephora genotypes based on leaf morphophysiological traits, e.g., dry mass (DM), leaf mass per unit area (LMA) and the relative water content (RWC%), as well as the performance of the photosynthetic apparatus, through PSII functioning and electron transport, performed in summer and winter in three periods of the day. Three distinct groups were formed based on chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlaF) parameters, demonstrating the heterogeneity of the genetic constitution of the evaluated population, what is quite relevant for the analysis of genetic divergence and breeding purposes, having the potential to identify superior genotypes. In summer and winter, the initial fluorescence (F0) tended to increase in the morning and noon, while the quantum yield of the primary photochemistry (ϕP0) increased in the afternoon. Leaf traits increased in the summer period in all groups. Group 1 showed more significant dissimilarity when compared to the others, with a higher mean of the most variable fluorescence parameters and a lower mean of the design index. The multivariate analyses showed that the leaf traits are correlated with the OJIP-test parameters concerning the variability in the periods and times studied. Our findings showed that the leaf traits can be adequately used to study genetic diversity in coffee. Additionally, ChlaF revealed to some extent some physiological differences among coffee genotypes associated with the two annual periods studied.
The growing requirement for micronutrients by increasingly more productive Robusta coffee genotypes and for the expansion of coffee plantations into low fertility soils has led to the need for better ...understanding of the micronutrient dynamics in Robusta coffee plants. The aim of the present study was to investigate micronutrient concentrations and their accumulation from flowering to fruit ripening, as well as micronutrient leaf concentrations throughout the year, in irrigated and non-irrigated Coffea canephora plants. Three-year-old Robusta coffee plants of genotype 02 were used. The fruit micronutrient accumulation curves for irrigated and non-irrigated Robusta coffee plants were best fitted by sigmoid functions. Irrigation resulted in higher micronutrient accumulation in fruits. Iron and boron were the micronutrients found in the highest amounts in fruits and leaves.
Microbial diversity associated with coffee quality.
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•Coffee production requires complex procedures that affect both production and quality.•Microorganisms influence coffee growth and ...chemical profile.•Bioprospecting of coffee-associated microorganisms and metabolites can enhance sensory profiles.•Microorganisms can generate new sensory profiles through targeted fermentations.
Coffee stands as one of the world's most popular beverages, and its quality undergoes the influence of numerous pre- and post-harvest procedures. These encompass genetic variety, cultivation environment, management practices, harvesting methods, and post-harvest processing. Notably, microbial communities active during fermentation hold substantial sway over the ultimate quality and sensory characteristics of the final product. The interaction between plants and microorganisms assumes critical significance, with specific microbes assuming pivotal roles in coffee plant growth, fruit development, and, subsequently, the fruit's quality. Microbial activities can synthesize or degrade compounds that influence the sensory profile of the beverage. However, studies on the metabolic products generated by various coffee-related microorganisms and their chemical functionality, especially in building sensory profiles, remain scarce. The primary aim of this study was to conduct a literature review, based on a narrative methodology, on the current understanding of the plant-microorganism interaction in coffee production. Additionally, it aimed to explore the impacts of microorganisms on plant growth, fruit production, and the fermentation processes, directly influencing the ultimate quality of the coffee beverage. Articles were sourced from ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using specific search terms such as “coffee microorganisms”, “microorganisms-coffee interactions”, “coffee fermentation”, “coffee quality”, and ‘coffee post-harvest processing”. The articles used were published in English between 2000 and 2023. Selection criteria involved thoroughly examining articles to ensure their inclusion was based on results about the contribution of microorganisms to both the production and quality of the coffee beverage. The exploration of microorganisms associated with the coffee plant and its fruit presents opportunities for bioprospecting, potentially leading to targeted fermentations via starter cultures, consequently generating new profiles. This study synthesizes existing data on the current understanding of the coffee-associated microbiome, its functionalities within ecosystems, the metabolic products generated by microorganisms, and their impacts on fermentation processes and grain and beverage quality. It highlights the importance of plant-microorganism interactions in the coffee production chain.
An adequate nutritional management is essential to ensure high coffee yields. In view of the wide genetic variability among Coffea canephora genotypes, due to the allogamy of the species, the ...nutritional demand is also divergent. The objective of this study was to evaluate the leaf nutrient concentration in early (V08), medium (V12), and late-maturing genotypes (V13) of cultivar Vitória Incaper 8142. Twenty-three leaf samples were used to determine the macro- and micronutrients, collected in a 1-year period on six representative plantations in the north of Espírito Santo. The influence of the climatic conditions of rainfall and temperature, and of the vegetative growth and reproductive periods of the coffee trees on the leaf concentrations of macro- and micronutrients was confirmed. The foliar concentrations of N, P, K, S, B, Ca, Cu, and Fe of the early-maturing genotype V08, as well as those of N, Ca, S, and B of the medium-maturing genotype V12 were statistically superior to those of the late-maturing genotype V13. For all genotypes, a deficiency of micronutrient B was stated during the grain-filling period, indicating that the plant should be supplied with this element prior to this period. The nutrient concentrations frequently exceeded the recommended range, particularly during the grain-filling period.
Our objectives were to study characteristics of the fruit (weight, percentage of husk/grain), to determine the concentration and accumulation of nutrients in the fruits, grain and husk, and to verify ...the existence of genetic diversity in
genotypes. The experiment was conducted with 20 genotypes in a four-year-old plantation, in a randomized block design with four replications and five plants per plot. The fruits were oven-dried, depulped (husk separated from the grain) and sent to a laboratory for nutritional analysis. Macronutrients N and K were the most accumulated/exported in fruits, respectively. In addition, the different genotype control cycles influenced the accumulation of nutrients in the fruits. There was genetic diversity among the 20
genotypes, studied for the characteristics of concentration and percentage of grain/straw nutrients in the fruit. Genotypes 2, 8 and 13 were the ones with the greatest genetic distance, consequently they are the most dissimilar when compared to the other genotypes. Genotypes 8 and 1 stand out for having a higher proportion of fruit weight in relation to grains. Therefore, they are the genotypes that need a smaller amount of fruit to produce 1000 kg of ground coffee.
•Genetic divergence was evidenced between the 34 genotypes of Coffea sp. evaluated.•The population shows potential for future plant breeding purposes.•Phenotypic variations occurred predominantly due ...to genetic causes.•The genotype “Vitória 2″ shows great dissimilarity, having constituted isolated clusters for both methods.•Stomatal density was the most efficient to explain dissimilarity between genotypes.
Knowing the genetic variability of a population is essential for guiding its preservation and maintenance, in addition to increasing the efficiency of genetic breeding programs. On this basis, the objective of this work was to estimate the genetic parameters, and to study genetic divergence in a coffee plants population constituted by 30 genotypes of Coffea canephora and 4 of C. arabica, by means of univariate and multivariate statistical procedures based on easy to obtain leaf morpho-anatomic characteristics (stomata number; index, density, area index, polar diameter, equatorial diameter, and functionality, as well as leaf area, dry weight, and specific dry weight). The materials were arranged in a randomized-blocks experimental design with four replicates. Significant differences were detected by the F-test (p < 0.01) between genotypes of Coffea sp. and for all morphological characters evaluated. This highlighted the heterogeneity of the genetic constitution of the evaluated population, which is quite relevant for the genetic divergence analysis and for breeding purposes, having the potential to identify superior genotypes. The tests of Scott-Knott allowed to detect variability between genotypes for all evaluated leaf morpho-anatomical characteristics, distributing genotypes in up to five groups. The clusters formed by Tocher’s optimization and the UPGMA hierarchical method were concordant, grouping the genotypes in ten and seven groups, respectively, showing similarities in the clusters. Three of the four clustered genotypes of C. arabica constituted an exclusive group for this species, in both methods. The characteristics with higher contribution to such distribution were stomata density (37.1%), number (17.3%), and index (12.1%), which together were responsible for 66.5% of the genetic diversity between the studied genotypes.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the concentrations and accumulation of macronutrients in conilon coffee (Coffea canephora) fruit, and their concentrations in leaves, over two years, in ...irrigated and nonirrigated coffee plants. Three-year-old conilon coffee plants of the cultivar Emcapa 8111 genotype 02 were used. An experimental design was carried out in randomized complete blocks, in a split-plot arrangement, with 14 replicates. The main plot factor was irrigation versus nonirrigation of coffee plants, and the split-plot factor was different fruit and leaf collection times. Collections began 10 days after the beginning of flowering and were performed on average every 28 days, until full fruit ripening. At each sampling date, five plants per treatment were picked out, by collecting one plagiotropic branch by plant, separated into fruit and leaves. Each part was dried, weighed, and subjected to the chemical analysis. Macronutrient accumulations and their accumulation rates were determined. According to the regression analysis of the data, fruit macronutrient accumulation curves fit best to sigmoidal equations. Irrigation affects the macronutrient dynamics in fruit and leaves during the fruiting phase of conilon coffee, and increases the accumulation of nutrients in the plant tissues. The macronutrients found in greater quantities are N, K, and Ca, in fruit and leaves, regardless of the irrigation treatment.
Resumo: objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as concentrações e o acúmulo de macronutrientes em frutos de cafeeiro conilon (Coffea canephora), e as concentrações nas folhas, ao longo de dois anos, em plantas irrigadas e não irrigadas. Utilizaram-se plantas de café conilon, cultivar Emcapa 8111 genótipo 02, com três anos de idade. Um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso foi realizado em parcelas subdivididas, com 14 repetições. Os fatores das parcelas principais consistiram de irrigação versus não irrigação dos cafeeiros e, os das subparcelas, de distintas épocas de coletas de frutos e folhas. As coletas iniciaram-se aos 10 dias após a primeira florada e foram realizadas a intervalos de aproximadamente 28 dias, até a maturação completa dos frutos. A cada data de amostragem, foram selecionadas cinco plantas por tratamento, com a coleta de um ramo plagiotrópico por planta, separado em frutas e folhas. Cada parte foi seca, pesada e submetida à análise química. Foram calculados os acúmulos de macronutrientes e suas taxas de acúmulo. De acordo com a análise de regressão dos dados, as curvas de acúmulo de macronutrientes dos frutos ajustam-se a equações sigmoides. A irrigação afeta a dinâmica dos macronutrientes nos frutos e nas folhas, ao longo do período reprodutivo do cafeeiro conilon, com maior acúmulo de nutrientes nos tecidos dessas plantas. Os macronutrientes mais encontrados são N, K e Ca em frutos e folhas, independentemente do tratamento de irrigação.
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