•A detailed introduction and analysis of radiative cooling was reviewed.•The mathematical description of radiative cooling was reviewed and discussed.•The emitters’ materials and radiative properties ...were compiled and analyzed.•The potential applications of radiative cooling were excavated.•Several recommendations on radiative cooling were presented.
As a passive, effective, and renewable way of decreasing cooling energy requirements without power input, radiative cooling has attracted considerable attention in the field of energy-saving applications. Historically, radiative cooling was limited at nighttime because radiators with strong thermal radiation lack high reflectivity in the solar radiation band. With the recent technological advancements in radiators, such as the development of photonic radiators and metamaterials, the advantages of diurnal radiative cooling has been demonstrated. In this paper, the current state of the art in passive radiative cooling technology is reviewed and updated. First, the fundamental principles of radiative cooling, which comprise different mathematical and physical descriptions, are introduced. Then, the advanced materials and structures of various radiators, which are popular topics in radiative cooling, are presented. Furthermore, application developments in radiative cooling are also summarized and its prospects are preliminarily analyzed. This study provides a detailed introduction and analysis of radiative cooling technology, thereby serving as a key reference for promoting the development of radiative cooling utilization.
The development of chiral photoluminescence (PL) has drawn extensive attention owing to its potential applications in optical data storage, biosensing, and displays. Due to the lack of effective ...synthesis methods, colloidal metal nanostructures with intrinsic chiral PL have rarely been reported. Herein, the chiral excitation and emission properties of single gold nanohelicoids (GNHs) are reported for the first time. By measuring their circular dichroism (CD) response and excitation/emission polarization‐resolved PL spectra, it is revealed that the intrinsic chirality arising from the geometric handedness of the GNHs induces the observed excitation‐polarization‐correlated chiral PL. Two models are developed to analyze the observed circular‐polarization‐steered effect: (1) a chiral PL phenomenological model quantitatively reproduces the PL dissymmetry features; (2) a chiral Purcell effect model reveals that the super‐chiral near fields in the GNHs account for the far‐field chiral responses such as the polarization‐steered chiral PL. The findings not only provide an important understanding of the physical mechanism responsible for luminescent chiral plasmonic nanostructures, but also expand the research on chiral PL‐active materials from achiral/chiral hybrid systems to metallic nanostructures with intrinsic structural chirality, thereby broadening the scope of applications in 3D chiral imaging and sensing as well as microstructure analysis.
Polarization‐steered chiral photoluminescence can be selectively excited from single plasmonic nanohelicoids with intrinsic chirality.
Abstract Neuroglioma is a complex neuroglial tumor involving dysregulation of many biological pathways at multiple levels. Quercetin is a potent cancer therapeutic agent presented in fruit and ...vegetables, preventing tumor proliferation, and is a well known cancer therapeutic agent and autophagy mediator. Recent studies showed that drug delivery by nanoparticles have enhanced efficacy with reduced side effects. In this regard, gold-quercetin into poly ( dl -lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles was examined. In the present study, quercetin nanoparticle induced cell autophagy and apoptosis in human neuroglioma cell was investigated. Quercetin nanoparticle administrated to animals displayed suppressed role in tumor growth. The cell viability was deterined through CCK8 assay. Transmission electron microscopy was utilized to observe the formation of autophagosome. The cell apoptosis was assessed by annexin V-PI staining. The protein expression of cell autophagy regulators and tumor suppressors were analyzed via western blot and RT-PCR. Treatment of human neuroglioma cell with quercetin nanoparticle induced cell death in a dose-and time-dependent manner. The flow cytometry results showed that the proportion of the apoptosis cells had gained after quercetin nanoparticle treatment compared to untreatment group. Moreover, the expression of activated PI3K/AKT and Bcl-2 were down-regulated upon quercetin nanoparticle treatment in human neuroglioma cells. The expression level of LC3 and ERK as well as cytoplasm p53, cleaved Caspase-3 and PARP was positively correlated with the concentration of quercetin nanoparticle. In addition, p-mTOR and GAIP were obviously down-regulated by quercetin nanoparticle treatment in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicated that quercetin nanoparticle could induce autophagy and apoptosis in human neuroglioma cells, the underlying molecular mechanisms, at least partly, through activation LC3/ERK/Caspase-3 and suppression AKT/mTOR signaling.
Several studies reported the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in vascular calcification. High‐mobility group box‐1 (HMGB‐1) plays a substantial role in diabetes and its complications. ...However, relatively little information is available regarding the association between HMGB‐1 and calcification, and the underlying mechanism has still remained elusive. Therefore, in the present study, we attempted to indicate whether HMGB‐1 could promote vascular calcification via ERS in diabetes. After induction of diabetes by Streptozotocin (STZ), mice were treated with glycyrrhizin (Gly) or 4‐phenylbutyrate (4‐PBA). Mineral deposition was confirmed by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and calcium assay. In cell experiments, calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) was performed with Alizarin Red staining, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and RT‐PCR. Expression and location of HMGB‐1 in aortic tissue were detected by Western blotting, immunocytochemistry (ICC) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Diabetic mice demonstrated increased HMGB‐1 expression, ERS and vascular calcification. However, inhibition of HMGB‐1 with Gly or inhibition of ERS with 4‐PBA ameliorated the enhanced vascular calcification and ERS in diabetic mice. In vitro experiments unveiled that inhibition of HMGB‐1 attenuated advanced glycation end products (AGEs)‐induced ERS in VSMCs. In addition, AGEs promoted translocation and secretion of HMGB‐1 in VSMCs, which was reversed by 4‐PBA. Moreover, VSMCs exhibited increased mineralization and osteogenic gene expressions in response to HMGB‐1 and AGEs. However, inhibition of ERS with 4‐PBA partially, although noticeably, attenuated VSMC calcification induced by HMGB‐1. Thus, diabetes induced translocation and secretion of HMGB‐1 via ERS, which resulted in calcification in diabetic mice and in AGEs‐treated VSMCs.
•A silica (SiO2) mirror emitter was designed, fabricated, and characterized.•The performance of DRC under different clear sky conditions was experimentally demonstrated.•Solar radiation and ...precipitable water vapor are two vital parameters for DRC.•Sub-ambient DRC will be largely affected by the climate conditions even in a clear sky.
Daytime radiative cooling (DRC) is a new concept of passive cooling that can achieve sub-ambient cooling phenomenon even under direct sunshine at daytime, which has attracted considerable attention and has been demonstrated by various spectral-selective emitters in many studies in recent years. In addition to spectral-selective emitters, sky condition affects the performance of DRC. Here, the performance of the DRC under different clear sky conditions was investigated. A field experimental demonstration was conducted on the basis of a silica (SiO2) mirror emitter that was fabricated by depositing 150-nm-thick silver (Ag) and 50-nm-thick SiO2 on a 500-μm-thick SiO2 substrate. Outdoor experimental results show that the SiO2 mirror emitter maintains an average temperature of approximately 5.9 °C below ambient temperature over the testing period in Beijing, China (116°E, 40°N) but barely achieves daytime radiative cooling in Hefei, China (117°E, 32°N), which implies that DRC is more feasible in dry Beijing than in moist Hefei. Moreover, the effect of solar radiation and the precipitable water vapor on the performance of DRC was numerically explored. The results show that the sub-ambient cooling performance of DRC will be decreased rapidly and then destroyed with increased solar radiation and the precipitable water vapor even in a clear sky condition. This initial investigation provides a reference for the regional/seasonal applicability of DRC.
Preparation of inks with proper rheology performance is the key for extrusion based 3D printing. In this work, extrusion based 3D printing graphene oxide (GO)/geopolymer (GOGP) nanocomposite was ...reported for the first time. The addition of GO in geopolymeric aqueous mixture (alumiosilicate and alkaline-source particles) dramatically changes its rheology properties, and enable the 3D printing that cannot be realized solely by geopolymer. The 3D printing GOGP structures exhibited high mechanical properties with compressive strength higher than 30 MPa, and electrical conductivity of 102 S/m was achieved after annealing, which is among the highest conductive ceramic nanocomposites. We expect that the rheology modification mechanism proposed in this study will facilitate the 3D printing of diverse materials, as well as the understanding of the interaction between GO and hydrophilic particles.
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The innate immune system relies on families of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect distinct conserved molecular motifs from microbes to initiate antimicrobial responses. Activation of ...PRRs triggers a series of signaling cascades, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and antimicrobials, thereby contributing to the early host defense against microbes and regulating adaptive immunity. Additionally, PRRs can detect perturbation of cellular homeostasis caused by pathogens and fine-tune the immune responses. Among PRRs, nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) have attracted particular interest in the context of cellular stress-induced inflammation during infection. Recently, mechanistic insights into the monitoring of cellular homeostasis perturbation by NLRs have been provided. We summarize the current knowledge about the disruption of cellular homeostasis by pathogens and focus on NLRs as innate immune sensors for its detection. We highlight the mechanisms employed by various pathogens to elicit cytoskeleton disruption, organelle stress as well as protein translation block, point out exemplary NLRs that guard cellular homeostasis during infection and introduce the concept of stress-associated molecular patterns (SAMPs). We postulate that integration of information about microbial patterns, danger signals, and SAMPs enables the innate immune system with adequate plasticity and precision in elaborating responses to microbes of variable virulence.
This study proposes the use of the voxel-based morphometry (VBM) technique to investigate structural alterations of the cerebral cortex in patients with strabismus and amblyopia (SA). Sixteen ...patients with SA and sixteen healthy controls (HCs) underwent magnetic resonance imaging. Original whole brain images were analyzed using the VBM method. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between mean gray matter volume (GMV) and clinical manifestations. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was applied to classify the mean GMV values of the SA group and HCs. Compared with the HCs, GMV values in the SA group showed a significant difference in the right superior temporal gyrus, posterior and anterior lobes of the cerebellum, bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, and left anterior cingulate cortex. The mean GMV value in the right superior temporal gyrus, posterior and anterior lobes of the cerebellum, and bilateral parahippocampal gyrus were negatively correlated with the angle of strabismus. The ROC curve analysis of each cerebral region confirmed the accuracy of the area under the curve. Patients with SA have reduced GMV values in some brain regions. These findings might help to reveal the potential pathogenesis of SA and its relationship with the atrophy of specific regions of the brain.
Neural progenitor cells （NPCs） can be induced from somatic cells by defined factors. Here we report that NPCs can be generated from mouse embryonic fibroblasts by a chemical cocktail, namely VCR （V, ...VPA, an inhibitor of HDACs; C, CHIR99021, an inhibitor of GSK3 kinases and R, Repsox, an inhibitor of TGF-Ⅱ pathways）, under a physiological hypoxic condition. These chemicalinduced NPCs （ciNPCs） resemble mouse brainderived NPCs re garding their proliferative and selfrenewing abilities, gene expression profiles, and multipotency for different neu roectodermal lineages in vitro and in vivo. Further experiments reveal that alternative cocktails with inhibitors of histone deacetylation, glycogen synthase kinase, and TGF-β pathways show similar efficacies for ciNPC induction. Moreover, ciNPCs can also be induced from mouse tailtip fibroblasts and human urinary cells with the same chemi cal cocktail VCR. Thus our study demonstrates that lineagespecific conversion of somatic cells to NPCs could be achieved bv chemical cocktails without introducina exoaenous factors.
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