Cilj rada je iznijeti pregled najvažnijih ideja o utopijama, potom analizirati i usporediti njihove najvažnije značajke, odnosno ukazati na što pojedini autori stavljaju naglasak u svojim idejama te ...naposljetku izraditi jednu komparativnu shemu iz uočenoga. Želi se također razmotriti što je to od ideje utopije ostalo danas. Prvo se poglavlje usredotočuje na antičke utopije, poglavito na Platona kao začetnika utopijske misli. Sljedeće poglavlje prati renesansne autore koji su pisali o idealnom društvu, počevši od Thomasa Morea, tvorca riječi utopija do Campanelle i Grada Sunca te naposljetku Bacona i Nove Atlantide. Potom slijedi poglavlje o idejama socijalnih utopista Saint-Simona, Owena te Fouriera. U posljednjem poglavlju razmatraju se i neke ideje suvremenih autora, poput Rawlsa i Bregmana. Na kraju je u zaključku prikazana shema koja na sinoptički način prikazuje temeljne elemente i najvažnije značajke utopija svakog od razmatranih autora te njihove sličnosti i razlike.
The aim of this paper is to review the most important ideas about utopias, analyze and compare their most important features that authors emphasize in their ideas, and at the end create a comparative scheme from the observed. We also want to consider what has remained of the idea of utopia today. The first chapter focuses on ancient utopias, primarily Plato as the originator of utopian thought. The next chapter follows the Renaissance authors who wrote about the ideal society, starting with Thomas More, the creator of the word utopia, Campanella's City of the Sun, and ending with Bacon's New Atlantis. Then follows the chapter on the ideas of social utopians Saint-Simone, Owen and Fourier. In the last chapter, some ideas of contemporary authors John Rawls and Rutger Bregman are considered. Finally, in the conclusion, a scheme is presented that shows the basic elements and most important features of the utopias of each of the considered authors, as well as their similarities and differences.
Tertiarization process in Croatia Turk, Ivo; Šikić, Luka; Peračković, Krešimir
Ekonomski pregled,
2023, Volume:
74, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Open access
This paper analyses a structural change by economic sectors in general and tertiarization process in particular, for the period 1971-2011 in Croatia. It started from the classical economic theory of ...service sector growth and demographic approach by using the data collected from the population censuses, to analyse long term changes and trends in the sector's structure. The process of tertiarization is usually defined as an increase in the share of service sector employment in total employment and we assume as a continuous long term process, it is influenced by different factors in different periods, and mostly the ones that have accelerated the process of deindustrialization as well in the past. Our results confirm a structural change that favours service sector growth during the whole period, not only in last three transition decades, along with the simultaneous reduction in agricultural and industrial sector shares. The main limitation is fact that those results are just a fundamental but necessary first step based on demographic statistics which reveal some elementary insights useful for further analyses. Scientific assessment of this article is in interdisciplinary approach of explanation of different impacts and specific features of tertiarization process in Croatia since 1970s. Also, the contribution of this paper is at the same time the collection and presentation of a new set of data combined in one article from several sources, which can be the basis for some further research. The results also consider the question if this process was accompanied by the economic growth and development observed in the rich and more developed countries or this shift towards service society with postindustrial division of labour does not come along with expected modernisation and developmental effects.
U ovom se radu analizira strukturna promjena gospodarskih sektora u cjelini a posebno proces tercijarizacije za razdoblje 1971–2011. u Hrvatskoj. Polazi se od klasične ekonomske teorije rasta uslužnog sektora uz demografski pristup, korištenjem podataka popisa stanovništva za analizu dugoročnih promjena i trendova u sektorskoj strukturi. Proces tercijarizacije je najčešće definiran kao povećanje udjela zaposlenog stanovništva u uslužnom sektoru, a glavna je teza u radu da je kao kontinuirani dugoročni proces bio pod utjecajem različitih čimbenika u različitim razdobljima, uglavnom onih koji su istovremeno ubrzali proces deindustrijalizacije. Rezultati analize potvrđuju strukturnu promjenu koja ukazuje na rast uslužnog sektora tijekom čitavog promatranog razdoblja, a ne samo u zadnja tri desetljeća tranzicijska razdoblja uz istodobno smanjenje udjela poljoprivrednog i industrijskog sektora. Glavno ograničenje jest činjenica da su ti rezultati tek osnovni ali nužni korak utemeljen na demografskoj statistici koja daje elementarne uvide korisne za daljnje analize. Znanstveni je doprinos ovog rada u interdisciplinarnom pristupu teorijskom konceptu te obrazloženju različitih čimbenika i obilježja procesa tercijarizacije u Hrvatskoj od 1970ih. Rezultati također nameću daljnje pitanje je li taj proces praćen ekonomskim rastom i razvojem kao u razvijenijim zemljama ili taj prijelaz prema društvu usluga sa postindustrijskom podjelom rada nije donio očekivane učinke modernizacije i razvoja.
The fundamental questions that this socio-demographic analysis focuses on are: what is the structure of the older age group 65+ by gender, level of education, computer literacy, marital status and ...the type of community they live in, by household type and family status, and by the main sources of livelihood. Also analyzed is the structure of the population aged 65+ with difficulties in performing everyday activities according to their need for assistance and using the help of another person, then by the cause of those difficulties and by their physical mobility. In the theoretical part of the paper, the author questions some sociological aspects and presents the most important theories of aging in recent sociological literature, whose terms are partially used through the interpretation of data obtained by demographic analysis. Since the main sources of data are censuses, used in this analysis is the method of demographic statistics with comparative analysis of successive censuses of monitored elements in a defined period. The analyzed data indicate that the aging of the population in Croatia has become the dominant demographic, social, and also economic problem, while between 1961 and 2011 the youth ratio was reduced from 27.2 to 15.2, and the coefficient of age increased from 7.4 to 17.7, i.e. the share of elderly persons was more than doubled. Reprinted by permission of Drustvena Istrazivanja
This paper provides analyses of the changes in the structure of the economically active Croatian population (labour force) and the inactive population (dependent people and people with personal ...income) from 1971 to 2011, as well as of the factors affecting them and their consequences. Due to a lack of recent literature on this topic, this work contributes to general insights into changes in the structure of the labour force. Data sources were Croatian population censuses. The method of demographic statistics with a comparative analysis of the monitored characteristics from the successive censuses was applied to the total population and by gender. Analyses indicated that in the 1971–2011 period the share of the labour force remained virtually unchanged. In 1971, 43.6% of the population was economically active, while in 2011, the share was 41.9%. The inactive population, which is not in the labour force contingent, continuously comprised the majority of the Croatian population. Its share was 56.4% in 1971 and 58.1% in 2011. Significant and alarming changes have taken place in the categories of people with personal incomes (a share of 8.8% in 1971 compared to 30.2% in 2011) and dependent population (which decreased from 47.6% in 1971 to 27.9% in 2011). The increase in the share of people with personal income was a consequence of population aging and a larger number of retired persons. Simultaneously, depend¬ent population and the share of young people decreased due to a reduced natality. Those indicators show that the structure of the Croatian population according to economic activity is an exceptionally negative and regressive social factor. It constitutes, to conclude, a possible structural obstacle to the long-term development of Croatian society.
U radu se razmatra materijalizam kao vrijednosna orijentacija i pozadina konzumerizma te se empirijski provjerava je li povezan s namjerama iseljavanja iz Hrvatske. Ciljevi su rada utvrditi koliko su ...materijalizam i namjere iseljavanja uopće prisutni u društvu, jesu li te pojave ravnomjerno raspoređene ili kovariraju s važnijim obilježjima koja bi mogla olakšati ili otežati usvajanje takvih vrijednosti i namjera. Razmatra se i međusobni odnos materijalizma i namjera iseljavanja, odnosno provjerava se je li materijalizam neovisan i relevantan poticaj iseljavanju u usporedbi s ostalim odrednicama koje bi ga mogle olakšati ili, suprotno, učiniti manje privlačnim. Anketno istraživanje na reprezentativnom uzorku punoljetnog stanovništva Hrvatske provedeno 2014. (N = 1000) pokazalo je da je u Hrvatskoj materijalizam, iako nije apsolutno visoko zastupljena vrijednost, razmjerno ravnomjerno raspoređen među stanovništvom, što znači da u većoj mjeri varira individualno nego u skladu sa statusnim obilježjima koja bi težnju za materijalnim dobrima mogla poticati ili biti njihovom posljedicom. Materijalističke vrijednosti nešto su istaknutije među mladima, koji su istodobno skloniji iseljavanju. U tom se kontekstu pokazalo da je materijalizam relativno značajan i neovisan poticaj iseljavanju, pa se zaključuje da bi tu povezanost trebalo podrobnije ispitati s obzirom na relevantnost obaju fenomena u današnjemu hrvatskom društvu.
The paper discusses materialism as a value orientation and background of consumerism, and empirically verifies whether it is connected with the intentions to emigrate from Croatia.The starting point ...is the definition of materialism as a social value, i.e. belief that the possession of material objects is important, profitable and worthwhile, while consumerism includes dynamic dimension of it or actions focused on achieving these goals. Besides, consumerism is also defined as a culture centred on the promotion, sale and acquisition of consumer goods. From this perspective materialism may be considered an infrastructural value of contemporary consumer culture on a general level, as well as an encouragement of consumer behaviour on an individual level. This primarily means a wider aspect of consumption that goes beyond achieving basic needs, such as existential needs for matter and energy. However, in order to achieve a certain standard of consumption, to ensure access to material goods and climb the consumption ladder, the necessities for such an achievement (or modes of consumption) often cannot be provided according to actual (local) living conditions. Thus, there is a tendency toward improving conditions, higher earnings and generally better quality of life, as one of the most important motives for economic migration. In this way, horizontal mobility - emigration, becomes a tool that provides the vertical social mobility. In this respect materialism takes a dual role: on the one hand it is an infrastructural value of consumer culture, and on the other it is a possible incentive for emigration. This paper tries to give empirical answers to the following questions: 1) Are materialism and emigration correlated, and 2) Does materialism encourage emigration (if aspirations cannot be fulfilled in domestic society)?Consumerism, as a globally relevant phenomenon, is also present locally, in Croatian society, as well as another relevant phenomenon, but less universal - emigration.Croatia is a “traditional” emigration country, with unfavourable ratio of expatriate and resident population (it is estimated that the total number of emigrants equals the number of those who live in Croatia). If emigration had not been so intensive and did not last for more than a century, demographic analyses show that at least 6.22 million people would live in Croatia in 2001 or 40.1% more than today (Nejašmić, 2014). Taking into account a longer historical period, the Ottoman and other conquests (only the Ottoman threat lasted for four centuries), both World Wars and the Croatian War of Independence in the late 20th century, the geo-strategic position (the area of inter-civilizational conflicts or rally of the major political forces) made Croatia a long-term scaffold, so forced emigration often meant saving lives (Rogić, 2000). In addition, scarce technical modernization and the nature of political associations in which Croatia had secondary political role completed the repertoire of motives for emigration: besides saving lives, people emigrated for economic, political and career reasons (Rogić and Čizmić, 2011).In addition to demographic approach, sociology of migration deals with the broader context and background social factors of migrations, including particular motives of migrants (e.g. Mesić, 2002; Mežnarić, 1991; Mesić et al., 1991; Katunarić, 1974). The literature dealing with this topic is not scarce, but there is a lack of research and analyses focused on a recent wave of emigration from Croatia in more detail, especially after joining the EU. However, it is known that higher earnings, primarily in Western Europe and the United States, are a permanent feature of voluntary and economic migration from Croatia or pull factor. For example, Mesić pointed out that the most agile part of labour force, including a substantial part of those already employed (mostly skilled or highly skilled workers) emigrated by the end of the 1960s. For example, a 1971 survey showed that 77% of emigrants had been previously employed and their main motive for emigration were higher earnings (Mesić, 1991). The thesis on unemployment as the main cause of emigration has not proved to be true even at that time, and this issue is of equal importance today: is emigration primarily motivated by “survival” or by intention to achieve some “surpluses” (material and/or professional). In relation to the earlier period, current emigration occurs in a very different context. The global economic crisis, present in Croatia as well, may not be the most important factor, considering the fact that crisis in general (or lack of professional perspectives) in the underdeveloped country is actually “permanent status”. But the political context is significantly different: after political transition, and especially after joining the EU, barriers to mobility have almost been eliminated, and this probably triggered a new wave of emigration.According to media headlines, a new wave of emigration from Croatia has reached alarming proportions (in some cases estimations rise up to two hundred thousand people). Official statistics is more moderate: annual records of the Central Bureau of Statistics show that 15,262 people emigrated in 2013, 20,858 in 2014 and 29,651 in 2015 (CBS, 2014, 2015, 2016). However, these records are based on data on the cancellation of residence by the Ministry of the Interior, but since these changes are only partly reported (or at least not immediately), it should be assumed that the numbers are certainly higher. According to available analyses of experts, such as the one of Župarić-Iljić (Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies), those data are not catastrophic, especially when compared with the multimillion departures from Poland or Romania after EU accession. But concern remains: the trend is rising and often whole families are leaving, without intention to return.Although the emigration of the unemployed and unskilled has negative demographic consequences, the emigration of highly educated (and already employed) experts (brain drain) is harmful to an even greater extent, because the socio-economic damage is twofold: first, it lowers developmental potential and quality of life in local communities, and second, investment in the education of those who left becomes futile.Besides these objective circumstances and ”traditional” motives, current emigration may be encouraged by materialism (materialistic values) as a latent motive. The aim of this paper was to empirically determine if this is the case. Data for analysis were collected in 2014 by face-to-face survey on a representative sample of adult population of Croatia (N = 1000). Results showed that materialism was relatively low prominent but it had become an evenly distributed (universal) value among the population, which means that to a greater extent it varies individually rather than between relevant socio-demographic and status groups. Younger generations are the exception: they are slightly more materialistic and their intentions to emigrate are much more prominent than among older (40 years and over) segments of population. Likewise, in the cohorts younger than 40 materialism is a significant and independent predictor of intentions to leave, in comparison with other more or less relevant objective (education level, employment, income, type of dwelling, relatives abroad, marital status, number of children) and subjective predictors (satisfaction with one’s own personal standard and general situation in Croatia).Finally, it is concluded (with regard to the relevance of both phenomena in today's Croatian society) that relationship between materialism and (intended and actual) emigration should be further examined.
This paper critically examines some aspects of the role of scientists in modern society, starting from the different expectations from scientists under various outside pressures: scientometry, social ...responsibility and humanistic tasks. In considering the social framework and norms that guide the actions of scientists, firstly we will summarize possible approaches to the roles of scientists as homo economicus and homo sociologicus, which could be used as ideal-type templates for the development of the model that analyses both the role of scientists in features of utility, profit and rationality at the individual, organizational and socio-political level. After that we will show an integrative model of homo academicus universalis, which integrates and reconciles some characteristics of the previous two models, and brings some old humanistic ideals of a scientist as a universal human being. At the end, we briefly analyse the social context: the market society in which the prevailing tendency is that science is becoming fully commodified as well.
Cilj je ovog rada prije svega razmotriti neke osnovne pojmove i njihova značenja, vezane uz suvremene društvene interakcije, polazeći od klasičnih socioloških pojmova društveni odnos i društvena ...interakcija te sagledati što se mijenja, a što je isto u doba umrežavanja i »preseljenja« u virtualni prostor. Drugim riječima, želimo preispitati formu i sadržaj istih u dobu bez nužnosti dimenzije prostora u nekom odnosu, pri čemu nastaju nove forme i pojmovi kao što su mreža, umreženost, virtualnost i sl. U prvom poglavlju prikazat će se značenje pojmova društveni odnos i društvena interakcija koji podrazumijevaju one dru- štvene odnose u kojima su prisutni kontakt/susret ili komunikacija te koji nas vode prema pojmu društvena interakcija u istom prostoru i istom vremenu. Tema drugog poglavlja je društvena interakcija u istom vremenu bez prostora, kada pojavom informacijske tehnologije pojedinci i društva ulaze u cyber prostor nove virtualne stvarnosti. To nas pak dovodi do razvoja različitih oblika interakcija na društvenim mrežama, što je tema trećeg poglavlja. U četvrtom poglavlju razmatraju se neki rizici i neke pozitivne mogućnosti virtualnih interakcija u odnosu na realne.
The aim of this paper is primarily to consider some basic concepts and their meanings related to contemporary social interactions, starting from the classical sociological concepts of social relationship and social interaction, and to see what is changing and what remains the same in the age of networking and “moving” to virtual space. In other words, we want to re-examine their form and content in an age without the necessity of the spatial dimension for a relationship, in which new forms and concepts occur, such as network, networking, virtuality, etc. The first chapter will show the meaning of social relations and social interaction, which imply those social relations in which contact/encounter or communication is present and which leads us to the concept of social interaction in the same space and at the same time. The topic of the second chapter is social interaction at the same time without space, when, with the application of information technology, individuals and societies enter the cyberspace of a new virtual reality. This leads us to the development of various forms of interaction on social networks, which is the topic of the third chapter. The fourth chapter discusses some of the risks and positive possibilities of virtual interactions over real ones.
PDF
