La Société française de médecine d’urgence a élaboré en 2016 des recommandations formalisées d’experts définissant le premier niveau de compétence en échographie clinique en médecine d’urgence. Ce ...niveau est maintenant complété par un deuxième niveau correspondant à une pratique plus avancée utilisant des techniques non envisagées dans le premier niveau comme l’utilisation du Doppler et nécessitant aussi une pratique et une formation plus poussées. Des champs déjà présents dans le premier référentiel sont complétés, et de nouveaux champs sont envisagés. La méthodologie utilisée est issue de la méthode « Recommandations par consensus formalisé » publiée par la Haute Autorité de santé et de la méthode Delphi pour quantifier l’accord professionnel. Ce choix a été fait devant l’insuffisance de littérature de fort niveau de preuve dans certaines thématiques et de l’existence de controverses. Ce document présente les items jugés appropriés et inappropriés par les cotateurs. Ces recommandations définissent un deuxième niveau de compétence en ECMU.
In 2016, the French Society of Emergency Medicine developed the formalized expert guidelines to define the first level of clinical ultrasound skill in emergency medicine (ECMU). This level is now supplemented by a second level corresponding to more advanced practice using techniques not envisaged in the first level such as the use of Doppler and also requiring further advanced practice and training. Fields already present in the first repository are completed and new fields are envisaged. The methodology used is based on the guidelines by formal consensus method published by the French National Authority for Health and the Delphi method to quantify the professional agreement. This choice was made in the face of a lack of literature with a high level of evidence in certain areas and the existence of controversies. This document presents items deemed appropriate and inappropriate by co-authors. These guidelines define a second level of competence in ECMU.
Effective population size over a generation (Ne) or over a reproductive cycle (Nb) and the adult census size (Nc) are important parameters in both conservation and evolutionary biology. Ne provides ...information regarding the rate of loss of genetic diversity and can be tracked back in time to infer demographic history of populations, whereas Nb may often be more easily quantified than Nc for short-term abundance monitoring. In this study, we propose (1) an empirical context to Waples et al. (2014) who introduced a correction to bias due to overlapping generations, and (2) a mathematical relationship between Ne and Nb for direct application in Atlantic salmon populations in Québec, Canada. To achieve this, we investigate the relationships between Ne, Nb and Nc in 10 Atlantic salmon populations, Canada, for which we genotyped 100 randomly sampled young-of-the year individuals for 5 consecutive years. The results show a positive correlation between Ne, Nb and Nc, suggesting that Nb is an indicative parameter for tracking effective population size and abundance of Atlantic salmon. However, our model allows predicting Nc from Nb values at 27% that can be partly explained by high variance in Nb/Nc both among populations (37%) and among years (19%). This result illustrates the need for thorough calibration of Nb/Nc before using Nb in monitoring programs, as well as a full understanding of the limits of such an approach. Finally, we discuss the importance of these results for the management of wild populations.
Gut permeability and food allergies Perrier, C.; Corthésy, B.
Clinical and experimental allergy,
01/2011, Volume:
41, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Summary
Intestinal permeability is a critical feature of the gastrointestinal epithelium as it must allow an efficient passage of nutrients and restrict the entry of larger molecules, such as protein ...antigen, in order to facilitate appropriate immune responses towards food antigens. The proper regulation of the epithelial barrier relies on multiple, intricate physiological and immunologic mechanisms, in terms of which recent progresses regarding the cellular and molecular components have been unravelled. In genetically predisposed individuals, breakdown of oral tolerance can occur, leading to the inadequate production of allergen‐specific IgE and the recruitment of mast cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa. Under such conditions, the intestinal permeability towards allergen is altered via different mechanisms, with IgE–CD23‐mediated transport across the mucosa playing an important amplification role. Additionally, during the effector phase of the allergic reaction, when mast cells degranulate, a series of inflammatory mediators, such as proteases and cytokines, are released and further affects intestinal permeability. This leads to an increase in the passage of allergens and hence contributes to perpetuate the inflammatory reaction. In this review, we describe the importance of properly balanced intestinal permeability in oral tolerance induction and address the processes involved in damaging the intestinal barrier in the sensitized epithelium and during allergic reactions. We conclude by speculating on the effect of increased intestinal permeability on the onset of sensitization towards dietary antigens.
Cite this as: C. Perrier and B. Corthésy, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011 (41) 20–28.
Genomic developments have empowered the investigation of heritability in wild populations directly from genomewide relatedness matrices (GRM). Such GRM‐based approaches can in particular be used to ...improve or substitute approaches based on social pedigree (PED‐social). However, measuring heritability from GRM in the wild has not been widely applied yet, especially using small samples and in nonmodel species. Here, we estimated heritability for four quantitative traits (tarsus length, wing length, bill length and body mass), using PED‐social, a pedigree corrected by genetic data (PED‐corrected) and a GRM from a small sample (n = 494) of blue tits from natural populations in Corsica genotyped at nearly 50,000 filtered SNPs derived from RAD‐seq. We also measured genetic correlations among traits, and we performed chromosome partitioning. Heritability estimates were slightly higher when using GRM compared to PED‐social, and PED‐corrected yielded intermediate values, suggesting a minor underestimation of heritability in PED‐social due to incorrect pedigree links, including extra‐pair paternity, and to lower information content than the GRM. Genetic correlations among traits were similar between PED‐social and GRM but credible intervals were very large in both cases, suggesting a lack of power for this small data set. Although a positive linear relationship was found between the number of genes per chromosome and the chromosome heritability for tarsus length, chromosome partitioning similarly showed a lack of power for the three other traits. We discuss the usefulness and limitations of the quantitative genetic inferences based on genomic data in small samples from wild populations.
Repeated adaptive ecological diversification has commonly been reported in fish and has often been associated with trophic niche diversity. The main goal of this study was to investigate the extent ...of parallelism in the genomic and phenotypic divergence between piscivorous and planktivorous lake trout ecotypes from Laurentian Shield lakes, Canada. This was achieved by documenting the extent of morphological differentiation using geometric morphometrics and linear measurements as well as the pattern of genomic divergence by means of RADseq genotyping (3925 filtered SNPs) in 12 lakes. Our results indicate that the two ecotypes evolved distinct body shape and several linear measurements in parallel. Neutral genetic differentiation was pronounced between all isolated populations (Mean FST = 0.433), indicating no or very limited migration and pronounced genetic drift. Significant genetic differentiation also suggested partial reproductive isolation between ecotypes in the two lakes where they are found in sympatry. Combining different outlier detection methods, we identified 48 SNPs putatively under divergent selection between ecotypes, among which 10 could be annotated and related to functions such as developmental processes and ionic regulation. Finally, our results indicate that parallel morphological divergence is accompanied by both parallel and nonparallel genomic divergence, which is associated with the use of different trophic niches between ecotypes. The results are also discussed in the context of management and conservation of this highly exploited species throughout northern North America.
DGA comparison between ester and mineral oils Perrier, C.; Marugan, M.; Beroual, A.
IEEE transactions on dielectrics and electrical insulation,
10/2012, Volume:
19, Issue:
5
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
This paper reports on a comparative study between mineral and various ester oils based on Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA). Electrical (breakdown of low energy) and thermal (stray gassing) faults were ...realized at laboratory scale, then gas formation as well as diagnosis methods were compared. Two extraction methods, described in IEC 60567 Ed.3 and independent from partition/solubility coefficients were used: multi-cycle vacuum degassing and stripping. Three different diagnosis methods were applied: IEC gas ratios, Duval's triangle and key gases. For electrical faults and especially for low energy discharges, the same main gases (Hydrogen and Acetylene) are created in relatively same ratios, thus confirming the efficiency of key gases method for ester oils. It is also shown that classic Duval's triangle (triangle 1) is well applicable for this type of fault confirming the results reported in literature. For thermal faults and especially for stray gassing issue (low thermal faults), Ethane (associated with Hydrogen) constitutes the key gas of natural esters. The new Duval¿s triangles can be applied: Triangle 4 for mineral oil and Triangle 6 for ester oils. For extraction methods and in both electrical and thermal faults cases, it can be noted that results are comparable for mineral oil whereas they are slightly underestimated with stripping method for ester oils. The higher viscosity of ester could interfere with the extraction.
The GJ 581 planetary system is already known to harbour three planets, including two super-Earth planets that straddle its habitable zone. We report the detection of an additional planet - GJ 581e - ...with a minimum mass of 1.9 $M_\oplus$. With a period of 3.15 days, it is the innermost planet of the system and has a ~5% transit probability. We also correct our previous confusion about the orbital period of GJ 581d (the outermost planet) with a one-year alias, benefitting from an extended time span and many more measurements. The revised period is 66.8 days, and positions the semi-major axis inside the habitable zone of the low mass star. The dynamical stability of the 4-planet system imposes an upper bound on the orbital plane inclination. The planets cannot be more massive than approximately 1.6 times their minimum mass.
Genome scans represent powerful approaches to investigate the action of natural selection on the genetic variation of natural populations and to better understand local adaptation. This is very ...useful, for example, in the field of conservation biology and evolutionary biology. Thanks to Next Generation Sequencing, genomic resources are growing exponentially, improving genome scan analyses in non‐model species. Thousands of SNPs called using Reduced Representation Sequencing are increasingly used in genome scans. Besides, genome sequences are also becoming increasingly available, allowing better processing of short‐read data, offering physical localization of variants, and improving haplotype reconstruction and data imputation. Ultimately, genome sequences are also becoming the raw material for selection inferences. Here, we discuss how the increasing availability of such genomic resources, notably genome sequences, influences the detection of signals of selection. Mainly, increasing data density and having the information of physical linkage data expand genome scans by (i) improving the overall quality of the data, (ii) helping the reconstruction of demographic history for the population studied to decrease false‐positive rates and (iii) improving the statistical power of methods to detect the signal of selection. Of particular importance, the availability of a high‐quality reference genome can improve the detection of the signal of selection by (i) allowing matching the potential candidate loci to linked coding regions under selection, (ii) rapidly moving the investigation to the gene and function and (iii) ensuring that the highly variable regions of the genomes that include functional genes are also investigated. For all those reasons, using reference genomes in genome scan analyses is highly recommended.
This paper is aimed at the study of aging behavior of cellulosic materials in different dielectric liquids under air and nitrogen atmospheres. Paper for copper conductor and high density transformer ...board were aged at 130°C up to 1128 h in sealed vessels in presence of mineral oil (MO), natural ester (VO) and synthetic ester (SE). The influence of thermal aging on cellulose and oil characteristics are investigated and compared. It's observed that the paper degradation is associated with the generation of CO2 and CO gases. Whatever the type of oil, this generation is more important with vessel under air atmosphere than that under nitrogen gap indicating a protective effect of nitrogen. In mineral oil, the degree of polymerization (DPv) reaches the end of life criteria at around 200 whereas it remains around 400 with ester oils. This is mainly due to the higher water solubility of esters compared to mineral oil. The measured degree of polymerization in MO is comparable to that calculated through 2-FAL (Furanic compounds) content using Vuarchex equation whereas for esters oil, there is no agreement between the measured and calculated DPv through 2-FAL content. This can constitute a limitation in the use of 2-FAL for the diagnosis of ester-filled transformers. Overall, the insulation cellulose/oil behavior seems better under nitrogen atmosphere.
Xylosandrus crassiusculus, a fungus‐farming wood borer native to Southeastern Asia, is the most rapidly spreading invasive ambrosia species worldwide. Previous studies focusing on its genetic ...structure suggested the existence of cryptic genetic variation in this species. Yet, these studies used different genetic markers, focused on different geographical areas and did not include Europe. Our first goal was to determine the worldwide genetic structure of this species based on both mitochondrial and genomic markers. Our second goal was to study X. crassiusculus' invasion history on a global level and identify the origins of the invasion in Europe. We used a COI and RAD sequencing design to characterize 188 and 206 specimens worldwide, building the most comprehensive genetic data set for any ambrosia beetle to date. The results were largely consistent between markers. Two differentiated genetic clusters were invasive, albeit in different regions of the world. The markers were inconsistent only for a few specimens found exclusively in Japan. Mainland USA could have acted as a source for further expansion to Canada and Argentina through stepping stone expansion and bridgehead events. We showed that Europe was only colonized by Cluster II through a complex invasion history including several arrivals from multiple origins in the native area, and possibly including bridgehead from the United States. Our results also suggested that Spain was colonized directly from Italy through intracontinental dispersion. It is unclear whether the mutually exclusive allopatric distribution of the two clusters is due to neutral effects or due to different ecological requirements.
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