U radu se predstavlja preliminarno istraživanje četiriju fonoloških obilježja s varijacijama u suvremenom zagrebačkom govoru: gubitka obezvučivanja zvučnih opstruenata na kraju riječi, pomaka udara ...na drugi slog jedninskih oblika imenica srednjeg roda poput ime i prezime, pomaka udara sa zadnjega na prvi slog osnove pridjeva sa sufiksima -sk- ili -n- te gubljenja međuvokalnih konsonanata. Obilježja se istražuju u okviru varijacijske sociolingvistike s ciljem da se ispita rasprostranjenost pojedinih varijanata među govornicima te prepoznaju eventualne naznake jezične promjene u tijeku. Istraživanje se temelji na govornoj građi prikupljenoj intervjuima, koja je analizirana s obzirom na dob, spol i socioekonomski status ispitanikā. Rezultati upućuju na to da je obezvučivanje krajnjih opstruenata prilično dobro zastupljeno među zrelijim Zagrepčanima, a slabo među mlađima, što navodi na zaključak da se odvija promjena kojom se ovaj proces gubi. Jedninski oblici imenica poput ime i prezime s udarom pomaknutim na drugi slog ispostavili su se varijantom koja se javlja sporadično među mladima te ne pokazuje naznake promjene u tijeku. U pogledu pomaka udara sa zadnjega na prvi slog osnove pridjeva sa sufiksima -sk- ili -n-, pokazalo se da je u nekih pridjeva to već završena promjena, da neki pridjevi s odgovarajućom strukturom još nisu zahvaćeni njime, a da u nekih postoji varijacija. Zapaženi obrasci upućuju na mogućnost da je opisani pomak udara promjena koja se odvija u pridjevā s varijacijom. Naposljetku, gubljenje međuvokalnih konsonanata zabilježeno je vrlo sporadično te ne pokazuje naznake glasovne promjene u tijeku.
The paper presents a preliminary investigation of four phonological features with variations in the contemporary Zagreb dialect: loss of the devoicing of word-final obstruents, stress shift to the stem-final syllable of singular forms of neuter nouns such as ime and prezime, stress shift from the stem-final to the first syllable of adjectives with suffixes -sk- or -n- and elision of intervocalic consonants. The features are studied within a variationist sociolinguistic framework with the aim of investigating the prevalence ofvariants among speakers and identifying conceivable indications of an ongoing language change. The investigation is based on spoken material collected with the help of interviews, which has been analysed with respect to the participants’ age, gender, andsocioeconomic status. The results indicate that the devoicing of word-final obstruents is rather well-represented among more mature speakers and poorly among the younger ones, pointing towards an ongoing loss of this feature. Singular forms of nouns such as ime and prezime with stress shifted to the stem-final syllable turned out to be a variant occurring sporadically in younger speakers, showing no indications of an ongoing change. Regarding the stress shift from the stem-final to the first syllable of adjectives with the suffixes -sk- or -n-, it has been revealed that is already a completed change in some adjectives, and that some adjectives with the relevant structure have not yet been affected by the shift, while others exhibit variation. The observed patterns indicate that the described shift may be an ongoing change affecting the adjectives with variation. Finally, the intervocalic consonant elision was noted very sporadically, and it shows no indications of an ongoing sound change.
The aim of this study was to characterize expression of corticogenesis-related transcription factors BCL11B and SATB2 after brain ischemic lesion in the adult mice, and to analyze their correlation ...to the subsequent brain recovery. Ischemic brain lesion was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by reperfusion, and the animals with ischemic lesion were compared to the sham controls. Progression of the brain damage and subsequent recovery was longitudinally monitored structurally, by magnetic resonance imaging, and functionally, by neurological deficit assessment. Seven days after the ischemic injury the brains were isolated and analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The results showed higher expression in the brain of both, BCL11B and SATB2 in the animals with ischemic lesion compared to the sham controls. The co-expression of both markers, BCL11B and SATB2, increased in the ischemic brains, as well as the co-expression of BCL11B with the beneficial transcriptional factor ATF3 but not its co-expression with detrimental HDAC2. BCL11B was mainly implicated in the ipsilateral and SATB2 in the contralateral brain hemisphere, and their level in these regions correlated with the functional recovery rate. The results indicate that the reactivation of corticogenesis-related transcription factors BCL11B and SATB2 is beneficial after brain ischemic lesion.
U radu se istražuju koordinirane konstrukcije s katalipsom prijedložne dopune (KPD-om) u hrvatskome, kao na ili oko kapka. Osnovno je istraživačko pitanje što uvjetuje mogućnost KPD-a. Ukrštavanje ...teorije katalipse na desnoj periferiji prvoga koordinanda, u generativističkoj tradiciji poznate kao podizanje desnog čvora, te normativne i deskriptivne literature o ovom fenomenu u hrvatskom iznjedrilo je usmjerenija istraživačka pitanja – jesu li uvjet za KPD u hrvatskome: 1) podudaranje padežnih oblika ispuštenog i neispuštenog NP-a, 2) višesložnost ili leksička naglašivost prijedlogā, 3) značenjska suprotnost prijedlogā. Ova su pitanja adresirana analizom ručno označenog uzorka 1026 primjera konstrukcija s KPD-om iz Hrvatskoga nacionalnog korpusa i 1001 primjera iz Hrvatskoga mrežnog korpusa. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na to da podudaranje padežnih oblika nije uvjetujući faktor za KPD u suvremenoj hrvatskoj jezičnoj praksi, suprotno normativnim preporukama, a da je glavni uvjetujući faktor za KPD značenjska kontrastnost prijedlogā. Pokazalo se da broj slogova ili navodna leksička naglašivost prijedlogā nisu isključivi kriterij za mogućnost upotrebe u konstrukciji s KPD-om, no čini se da ta obilježja jesu u korelaciji s učestalošću takve upotrebe pojedinih prijedloga. Međutim, ovaj aspekt zahtijeva daljnje istraživanje prije pouzdanih zaključaka.
People with Down syndrome (DS) show clinical signs of accelerated ageing. Causative mechanisms remain unknown and hypotheses range from the (essentially untreatable) amplified-chromosomal-instability ...explanation, to potential actions of individual supernumerary chromosome-21 genes. The latter explanation could open a route to therapeutic amelioration if the specific over-acting genes could be identified and their action toned-down.
Biological age was estimated through patterns of sugar molecules attached to plasma immunoglobulin-G (IgG-glycans, an established "biological-ageing-clock") in n = 246 individuals with DS from three European populations, clinically characterised for the presence of co-morbidities, and compared to n = 256 age-, sex- and demography-matched healthy controls. Isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSCs) models of full and partial trisomy-21 with CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing and two kinase inhibitors were studied prior and after differentiation to cerebral organoids.
Biological age in adults with DS is (on average) 18.4-19.1 years older than in chronological-age-matched controls independent of co-morbidities, and this shift remains constant throughout lifespan. Changes are detectable from early childhood, and do not require a supernumerary chromosome, but are seen in segmental duplication of only 31 genes, along with increased DNA damage and decreased levels of LaminB1 in nucleated blood cells. We demonstrate that these cell-autonomous phenotypes can be gene-dose-modelled and pharmacologically corrected in hiPSCs and derived cerebral organoids. Using isogenic hiPSC models we show that chromosome-21 gene DYRK1A overdose is sufficient and necessary to cause excess unrepaired DNA damage.
Explanation of hitherto observed accelerated ageing in DS as a developmental progeroid syndrome driven by DYRK1A overdose provides a target for early pharmacological preventative intervention strategies.
Main funding came from the "Research Cooperability" Program of the Croatian Science Foundation funded by the European Union from the European Social Fund under the Operational Programme Efficient Human Resources 2014-2020, Project PZS-2019-02-4277, and the Wellcome Trust Grants 098330/Z/12/Z and 217199/Z/19/Z (UK). All other funding is described in details in the "Acknowledgements".
White chocolate is considered an unhealthier product than dark and milk chocolate due to the absence of cocoa solids containing polyphenols and other valuable components such as minerals and dietary ...fiber. This paper aimed to improve the nutritional value of white chocolate (C) by adding blueberry bioactive compounds. Since natural polyphenols are easily degradable because of their sensitivity, whey, as a rich source of proteins, was used as a material for encapsulating blueberry juice. Whey proteins protect blueberry anthocyanins and increase their bioaccessibility in the human body. Blueberry juice encapsulates (B) were added to white chocolate, replacing 8% (C-B8) and 10% (C-B10) of white chocolate mass. Blueberry encapsulates significantly (p < 0.05) increased the viscosity of chocolates (from 0.63 Pa·s in C to 1.13 Pa·s in C-B8 and 1.40 Pa·s in C-B10) with no significant impact on their melting peak. Both enriched chocolates had significantly (p < 0.05) higher protein and dietary fiber content and lower fat content than white chocolate. The total polyphenol content increased 3.7-fold, while antioxidant capacity increased 5.2-fold in C-B10. The oxidation stability, determined by pressurized accelerated oxidation, was also improved in enriched chocolates. Blueberry juice encapsulated in whey positively influenced the color and sensory characteristics of fortified white chocolates, where C-B10 had higher sensory scores for blueberry odor and taste than C-B8. The obtained results open up a possible pathway and indicate opportunities and limitations for the incorporation of other materials, such as various dietary/fruit components, in white chocolate.
Less than 2% of all symptomatic multiple myeloma (MM) has immunoglobulin D (IgD) as monoclonal protein. Biclonal gammopathy is much rarer. At the time of diagnosis, disease is often in advanced ...stage, including renal failure, anemia, hypercalcemia and lytic bone lesions. Due to the rarity of myeloma itself, but also due to the fact that anti-IgD antisera is not used in routine practice, there are only a few reports of IgD MM described in the literature. This case report describes a patient with IgD lambda MM with anemia and renal failure. Anemia, renal failure, and > 80 percent plasma cells in bone biopsy in our patient with IgD lambda MM meets International Myeloma Working Group criteria for diagnosis of MM. The patient clinical course was similar to other patients with IgD MM. The final result of serum protein immunofixation (s-IFE) showed IgD lambda and free lambda monoclonal bands. To prevent misdiagnosis, it is necessary to use anti-IgD and anti-IgE antisera whenever the serum protein immunofixation with IgA, IgM, IgG, kappa and lambda antiserums shows a kappa or lambda monoclonal band without monoclonal band in heavy chain.
In addition to the fact that the “ideal” fat mimetic should have all functional characteristics of fat, it is preferable to be from natural sources. Dietary fibers from different natural sources have ...large potential for fat mimetic roles in low-energy food products. This work observes the functional characteristics of wheat-fiber-based fat mimetics (microstructure, rheological and textural properties), as well as the influence of addition of small molecules of additives, which are usually necessary during the production of food products. Different concentrations of fat mimetics were analyzed (from 1–10% of fibers) alone and also in combination with a mixture of additives (sodium ascorbate, trisodium citrate and sodium acetate). The concentration of hydrated wheat fibers above 3% formed viscoelastic gel structures with an antithixotropic type of Newtonian flow, with a domination of elastic properties (G′) and ability for partial recover. Firmness and consistency were also stable at higher fiber concentration (5–10%). Thus, these fat mimetics have high ability to imitate fat functional properties and to provide the role of continuous phase in food systems. The application of food additives significantly reduced all observed properties of wheat fibers’ fat mimetics by disturbing the proper hydration process during gel formation and crosslinking of the three-dimensional structure of fat mimetics.
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of composition and proteolysis on textural characteristics of Croatian cheese in a lamb
skin sack (Sir iz mišine) over a ripening period of 30 ...days. Ten ovine milk cheese batches were manufactured according to the traditional manufacturing procedures. The content of total solids, fat, proteins (P<0.05) and salt (P<0.01) significantly increased during cheese ripening. Results of this research showed that αs1-casein hydrolysed more rapid in comparison to the β-casein. An extensive and significant (P<0.05) degradation of αs1-casein was accompanied by significant (P<0.05) accumulation of αs1-I-casein. Although β-casein degradation occurred in cheese to a moderate degree, these changes were not statistically significant. However, the level of γ-casein increased significantly (P<0.01) in cheese throughout ripening. Due to the extensive proteolysis, both TCA-SN (P<0.01) and WSN (P<0.05) significantly increased throughout ripening time. Results showed significant decrease (P<0.05) in hardness, cohesiveness and springiness during cheese ripening along with progress of proteolysis. Weakening effect of caseinolysis predominated over the strengthening effect of moisture loss in the texture development of cheese, which could be attributed to the specific conditions in the animal skin sack during ripening.
Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi promjene fizikalno-kemijskih, proteolitičkih i teksturnih značajki sira iz mišine tijekom zrenja od 30 dana. Prema tradicionalnom postupku proizvodnje, proizvedeno je 10 šarži sira. Udio suhe tvari, masti, proteina (P<0.05) i soli (P<0.01) se značajno povećavao tijekom zrenja sira. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali bržu razgradnju αs1 kazeina u odnosu na β-kazein. Opsežna i značajna (P<0.05) razgradnja αs1 kazeina je popraćena značajnim (P<0.05) povećanjem udjela αs1-I-kazeina. Iako je utvrđena umjerena razgradnja β-kazeina u siru, statistički značajne razlike nisu utvrđene. Međutim, udio γ-kazeina se značajno (P<0,01) povećavao tijekom zrenja sira. Kao posljedica intenzivne proteolize, došlo je do značajnog povećanja udjela TCA-SN (P<0,01) i WSN (P<0,05). Rezultati su pokazali značajno (P<0,05) smanjenje čvrstoće, kohezivnosti i elastičnosti tijekom zrenja sira odnosno s progresom proteolize. Učinak omekšavanja sira kao posljedica kazeinolize nadvladao je učinak učvršćivanja sira kao posljedica gubitka vlage, što se može pripisati specifičnim uvjetima u mišini tijekom zrenja sira.
We reviewed again the significance of the stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as a likely mediator of Robert's stomach cytoprotection/adaptive cytoprotection and organoprotection and as novel ...mediator of Selye's stress coping response to reestablish homeostasis. Specific points of BPC 157 therapy and the original concept of Robert's cytoprotection/adaptive cytoprotection/organoprotection are discussed, including the beneficial effects of BPC 157. First, BPC 157 protects stomach cells and maintains gastric integrity against various noxious agents (Robert's killing cell by contact) and is continuously present in the gastric mucosa and gastric juice. Additionally, BPC 157 protects against the adverse effects of alcohol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the gastric epithelium and other epithelia, that is, skin, liver, pancreas, heart (organoprotection), and brain, thereby suggesting its use in wound healing. Additionally, BPC 157 counteracts gastric endothelial injury that precedes and induces damage to the gastric epithelium and generalizes "gastric endothelial protection" to protection of the endothelium of other vessels (thrombosis, prolonged bleeding, and thrombocytopenia). BPC 157 also has an effect on blood vessels, resulting in vessel recruitment that circumvents vessel occlusion and the development of additional shunting and rapid bypass loops to rapidly reestablish the integrity of blood flow (ischemic/reperfusion colitis, duodenal lesions, cecal perforation, and inferior vena caval occlusion). Lastly, BPC 157 counteracts tumor cachexia, muscle wasting, and increases in pro-inflammatory/procachectic cytokines, such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, and significantly corrects deranged muscle proliferation and myogenesis through changes in the expression of FoxO3a, p-AKT, p-mTOR, and p-GSK-3β (mitigating cancer cachexia).
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