A survey in olive orchards in Istria (Croatia) was carried out from 2016 to 2018 to investigate pathogens potentially associated with olive decline and dieback. In nine orchards, canker-like symptoms ...were recorded on olive trunks and branches. Six fungal species were isolated from cankers: Geosmithia sp., Diaporthe sp., Diatrype stigma, Diplodia seriata, Neofusicoccum parvum, and Pseudophaeomoniella oleae. Pathogenicity tests were conducted in a greenhouse, on branches of 4-year-old local cultivar 'Buza'. Eight months after branch inoculation, D. seriata showed to be the most aggressive, causing an average of 67 mm long lesion. N. parvum caused 31 mm long lesion, while Diaporthe sp. showed only weak aggressiveness, causing 3 mm long lesion. Diatrype stigma, P. oleae and Geosmithia sp. did not cause any symptoms on inoculated plants. This is the first report of Neofusicoccum parvum and Diaporthe sp. as pathogens on olive in Istria (Croatia). Keywords: Botryosphaeriaceae, inoculation, isolates, olive decline, pathogenicity test Terensko istraživanje maslinika u Istri (Hrvatska), provedeno je od 2016. do 2018. godine s ciljem utvrdivanja potencijalnih patogena povezanih s odumiranjem i sušenjem maslina. Šest vrsta gljiva izolirano je s drvenastih dijelova masline sa simptomima gljivicnog raka: Geosmithia sp., Diaporthe sp., Diatrype stigma, Diplodia seriata, Neofusicoccum parvum i Pseudophaeomoniella oleae. Test patogenosti proveden je u plasteniku, na granama 4-godišnjih sadnica maslina autohtone sorte Buža. Osam mjeseci nakon inokulacije, D. seriata pokazala se kao najagresivnija vrsta uzrokujuci lezije duljine 67 mm, N. parvum je uzrokovao lezije duljine 31 mm, a Diaporthe sp. pokazao se kao najslabiji patogen, uzrokujuci lezije duljine 3 mm. Vrste D. stigma, P. oleae i Geosmithia sp. nisu uzrokovale simptome na inokuliranim maslinama. Prema našim spoznajama, ovo je prvi nalaz vrsta Neofusicoccum parvum i Diaporthe sp. kao patogena masline u Istri (Hrvatska). Kljucne rijeci: Botryosphaeriaceae, inokulacija, izolati, odumiranje masline, test patogenosti
Maslina (Olea europaea L.) je važna kultura koja se uzgaja u mediteranskom dijelu Republike Hrvatske. U posljednje vrijeme gljivične bolesti maslina predstavljaju sve veći izazov za proizvođače. Kao ...najčešća mjera u suzbijanju primjenjuju se kemijska sredstva za zaštitu bilja. Međutim, kemijska sredstva ispoljavaju vrlo štetan utjecaj na okoliš i zdravlje ljudi i životinja i ne samo da suzbijaju štetne organizme već čine štete i po korisne organizme, što dovodi do ekološke neravnoteže. Stoga, proizvođači se sve češće okreću alternativnim metodama zaštite i primjeni bioloških sredstava za zaštitu bilja. Trichoderma vrste dokazano suzbijaju veliki broj fitopatogenih gljiva i pokazuju potencijal u suzbijanju fitopatogena masline.
A field investigation of olive trees in Istria, Croatia, revealed branch dieback and cracked bark. Samples of diseased branches were collected from eight different locations and analysed. ...Additionally, meteorological data from two locations were analysed to determine if there was a connection between climatic changes and the appearance of pathogens in the region. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on olive seedlings. This study provides a description of Biscogniauxia and Sordaria species’ morphology and elucidates their phylogeny based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), beta-tubulin (TUB2) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1- α) regions. This research represents the first documented occurrence of Biscogniauxia mediterranea causing charcoal disease in olive trees in Croatia. Additionally, it is the first report of Biscogniauxia nummularia (Bull.) Kuntze and Sordaria fimicola causing diseases in olive trees anywhere in the world. Furthermore, this study marks one of the initial forays into molecular investigations of these species isolated from olive trees. Considering the potential threat posed by the inherent aggressiveness of Biscogniauxia species, further research is deemed necessary to curb the development of charcoal disease.
Occurrence of mycotoxins in food and beverages Petrović, Elena; Ćosić, Jasenka; Vrandečić, Karolina ...
Journal of Central European agriculture,
01/2023, Volume:
24, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
This paper describes the mycotoxins produced by fungi from the genera Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Claviceps and other types of molds, their characteristics and importance. Mycotoxins are ...secondary fungi metabolites that serve as a defense mechanism in stressful conditions. Several hundred mycotoxins have been identified so far, and the most significant in terms of danger to human health and animals are aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, patulin, fumonisin, zearalenone and nivalenol/deoxynivalenol produced by toxigenic fungi from the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, Claviceps, Stachybotris and Fusarium. Moisture and temperature are two factors that have a crucial influence on the development of the fungus and the synthesis of toxins. It is estimated that approximately 25% of agricultural crops are infected with fungi. Consequently, foods can also be contaminated with mycotoxins. By treating the stored grain with various chemicals, and in recent years, using environmentally friendly fungicides, the synthesis of mycotoxins is being prevented and the development of mycotoxicogenic fungi is being controlled. The mycotoxicosis can occur directly through the consumption of infected food, inhalation and skin contact, or indirectly through animals that eat contaminated feed. Mycotoxins have a pathological effect primarily on liver. Some mycotoxins also interfere with cellular protein synthesis, causing hypersensitivity and extreme immunodeficiency. Despite mycotoxins being resilient and remaining stable while undergoing chemical and thermal food processing, methods such as applying good hygiene and production practices from field to table can reduce their occurence.
Leaf spot symptoms were spotted in two olive orchards in Istria and in Kvarner Gulf, Croatia. Fungal species from three representative isolates (P13 LECIII, R18 BI, JA20 NP) have been morphologically ...characterized based on the colony and conidial characteristics. Several techniques were performed for inducing the sporulation of the JA20 NP isolate. Only PDA + banana medium was successful. PCR was conducted for ITS, TUB, and EF1α gene regions. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using internal transcribed spacer, beta-tubulin, and translation elongation factor 1-alpha sequence data. Three types of tests were conducted: a pathogenicity test on detached leaves, on detached and scratched leaves, and on olive seedlings. Ultimately, from the morphological characterizations, DNA sequence analysis of ITS, TUB, and EF1α gene regions, and phylogenetic analysis, these species were identified as Nigrospora gorlenkoana Novobr., Nigrospora osmanthi Mei Wang & L. Cai, and Nigrospora philosophiae-doctoris M. Raza, Qian Chen & L. Cai. This is the first report of Nigrospora species causing leaf spot on olive trees and the first report of Nigrospora philosophiae-doctoris as a plant pathogen. Fungal leaf diseases in conditions that are favorable for infection and disease development can lead to a decrease in the yield and olive oil quality. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further research and the monitoring of fungal leaf diseases.
Olive (
L.) is a very important crop grown in the Mediterranean part of Croatia. Olive branch and fruit dieback symptoms were observed in two olive orchards in Istria, Croatia. The samples from ...symptomatic trees were collected and brought to the laboratory for analysis. Based on their morphological characterization, isolated fungi were identified as
sp. Two representative isolates (one per orchard) were taken for molecular analysis, and based on DNA sequence data of the ITS and TUB gene regions, and phylogenetic analysis of the sequences, the isolates were identified as
Défago. To determine pathogenicity, pathogenicity tests were conducted on detached olive branches and two-year-old olive trees in the greenhouse. This is the first report of
causing olive branch and fruit dieback in Croatia.
Vinova loza ubraja se u najvažnije kulture koje se uzgajaju u svijetu. Napada ju veliki broj fitopatogenih gljiva, među kojima se ističu i sve aktualnije postaju vrste iz porodice Botryosphaeriaceae. ...Simptomi se javljaju u obliku nekrotičnih lezija unutar drva, sušenja grozdova i sušenja mladica, krakova ili čitavih čokota. Bolest se češće uočava u starijim vinogradima. Najvažnije preventivne mjere podrazumijevaju sadnju zdravog sadnog materijala i izbor pogodne lokacije za uzgoj, a najvažnije izravne mjere zaštite podrazumijevanju uklanjanje zaraženih ostataka iz vinograda i njihovo uništavanje, primjenu fungicida i premazivanje rana nakon rezidbe te primjenu bioloških pripravaka za zaštitu bilja.
During 2021 and 2022, a field investigation was conducted in Istria, Croatia, searching for trees exhibiting signs of Botryosphaeria dieback. Samples of symptomatic trees were collected from 26 ...different locations and analysed. Isolates that morphologically corresponded to species from the Botryosphaeriaceae family were selected, and detailed morphological characterisation and molecular identification of the isolates were conducted. Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), beta-tubulin (TUB2), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α) regions, six species of fungi from the Botryosphaeriaceae family were identified: Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug. ex Fr.) Ces. & De Not.; Diplodia mutila (Fr.) Fr.; Diplodia seriata De Not.; Dothiorella iberica A.J.L. Phillips, J. Luque & A. Alves; Dothiorella sarmentorum (Fr.) A.J.L. Phillips, Alves & Luque; and Neofusicoccum parvum (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips. This is the first report of D. mutila, Do. sarmentorum, and Do. iberica causing Botryosphaeria dieback on olive trees in Croatia, and the first study investigating the resistance of Croatian olive varieties to species from the Botryosphaeriaceae family. Pathogenicity testing of selected isolates and assessment of variety resistance were conducted on four different olive varieties, namely Buža, Istarska bjelica, Leccino, and Rosinjola, using representative isolates of the mentioned species. The most aggressive species was found to be N. parvum. Olive varieties exhibited differences in susceptibility depending on the fungus they were infected with.
In an olive orchard on the western part of Istria, Croatia, twig and branch dieback was observed on several olive trees. In total, seven samples from symptomatic trees were collected. Samples were ...analyzed, and four fungal isolates showed morphological similarities to the species
One isolate, chosen as a representative, was taken for molecular identification and pathogenicity tests. Based on the DNA sequence data of the ITS, TUB, and EF1α gene regions, the isolate was identified as
. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on detached olive branches and olive trees in the greenhouse. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of twig and branch dieback on olive caused by
.
A field investigation of olive trees in Istria, Croatia, revealed branch dieback and cracked bark. Samples of diseased branches were collected from eight different locations and analysed. ...Additionally, meteorological data from two locations were analysed to determine if there was a connection between climatic changes and the appearance of pathogens in the region. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on olive seedlings. This study provides a description of Biscogniauxia and Sordaria species’ morphology and elucidates their phylogeny based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), beta-tubulin (TUB2) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1- α) regions. This research represents the first documented occurrence of Biscogniauxia mediterranea causing charcoal disease in olive trees in Croatia. Additionally, it is the first report of Biscogniauxia nummularia (Bull.) Kuntze and Sordaria fimicola causing diseases in olive trees anywhere in the world. Furthermore, this study marks one of the initial forays into molecular investigations of these species isolated from olive trees. Considering the potential threat posed by the inherent aggressiveness of Biscogniauxia species, further research is deemed necessary to curb the development of charcoal disease.
