The mechanical properties of ice and snow are reviewed. The tensile strength of ice varies from 0.7-3.1 MPa and the compressive strength varies from 5-25 MPa over the temperature range -10 to -20 C. ...The ice compressive strength increases with decreasing temperature and increasing strain rate, but ice tensile strength is relatively insensitive to these variables. The tensile strength of ice decreases with increasing ice grain size. The strength of ice decreases with increasing volume, and the estimated Weibull modulus is 5. The fracture toughness of ice is in the range of 50-150 kPa sq rt m and the fracture-initiating flaw size is similar to the grain size. Ice-soil composite mixtures are both stronger and tougher than ice alone. Snow is an open cellular form of ice. Both the strength and fracture toughness of snow are substantially lower than those of ice. Fracture-initiating flaw sizes in snow appear to correlate to the snow cell size.
Introduction
In treating schizophrenia, there is growing interest in introducing and renewing psychosocial therapies, including psychotherapy. In recent years, this has specifically entailed the ...adaption of particular cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) approaches, which were previously only utilized for treating anxiety and mood disorders. The negative symptomatology of schizophrenia, which has proven to be especially difficult to treat, can be a challenge for CBT, particularly in terms of enhancing relationships with family and friends and work engagement.
Objectives
The objective was to summarize the advantages of CBT treatment in schizophrenia briefly.
Methods
Patients with schizophrenia frequently have comorbid problems, such as anxiety disorders (and disorders) and traumatic experiences, which can be effectively treated with CBT. In addition to pharmacological therapy, CBT is acknowledged as the gold standard in several countries for the treatment of schizophrenia. According to studies, combining CBT with medication can minimize psychotic symptoms.
Results
Regarding treatment, Beck describes the use of typical CBT techniques: building trust and engagement; working collaboratively to understand the meaning of symptoms; understanding the patient’s interpretation of past and present events, particularly those that the patient believes are related to the development and persistence of his or her current problems; normalizing these experiences and educating the patient about the stress-vulnerability model, and socialization. Clarifying the emotional and behavioral repercussions of a delusion’s activation leads to an initial examination of the evidence-based on more peripheral interpretations. It is recommended to treat negative symptoms such as amotivation, anergia, anhedonia, and social disengagement with behavioral self-monitoring, activity scheduling, ratings of mastery and enjoyment, graded work assignments, and assertiveness training.
Conclusions
In treatment settings where physicians are already utilizing high-quality psychoeducational materials to enhance adherence, an excellent foundation exists for introducing individual CBT for schizophrenia patients.
Disclosure of Interest
None Declared
Introduction
The upturn of neuroimaging techniques in the past 30 years has changed the study of the biology of psychiatric disorders with implications for psychiatric practice. Thrive in medical ...imaging technology has, in fact, truly reformed nearly every medical field.
Objectives
These advances include both improvements in image resolution and the development of novel imaging techniques all of which provide an unprecedented view, in detail, of anatomical structures and/or functions in the human body.
Methods
Nowadays, we are familiar with the role of some brain structures such as the amygdala, the thalamus, the hippocampus, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and the insula in neuropsychiatric function. For example, lesions to the frontal cortex can disrupt judgment, motivation and social behavior.
Results
Currently, most imaging techniques have some sort of clinical application, but this is usually restricted to a limited number of cases. New techniques have provided invaluable information not only about the brain structure and function associated with psychiatric disorders but increasingly about the mechanisms underpinning these disorders.
Conclusions
Growing understanding of the specific pathophysiology of mental disorders prepares us for improvement in the identification of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, which could lead to more accurate diagnoses and prediction of treatment response of the disorders managed in everyday clinical practice. Of note, the identification of neural biomarkers could potentially identify people at risk of developing a particular illness.
Disclosure
No significant relationships.
We are introducing a new concept in alloy design called “Isotope Alloying” using radio isotopes to materials to improve their physical properties. Isotopes have been used to a limited degree in the ...field of metallurgy/materials science, mostly as tracers in diffusion studies. The intent of this article is to suggest the possibility of using isotope transmutation as an alloying method in Si and 6061 alloy(as example). By proper choice of isotopes one can significantly improve the transport properties of Si and increase the yield stress of a 6061-aluminum alloy. This method involves adding an isotope that has similar chemistry to the matrix and allowing it to transmute to a product that is thermodynamically metastable. Article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the method.
This work presents a double step size algorithm with accelerated property for solving nonlinear unconstrained optimization problems. Using the inexact line search technique, as well as the ...approximation of the Hessian by an adequate diagonal matrix, an efficient accelerated gradient descent method is developed. The proposed method is proven to be linearly convergent for uniformly convex functions and also, under some specific conditions, linearly convergent for strictly convex quadratic functions. Numerical testings and comparisons show that constructed scheme exceeds some known iterations for unconstrained optimization with respect to all three tested properties: number of iterations, CPU time and number of function evaluations.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating and fatal motor neuron disease. Diagnosis typically occurs in the fifth decade of life and the disease progresses rapidly leading to death within ...~ 2-5 years of symptomatic onset. There is no cure, and the few available treatments offer only a modest extension in patient survival. A protein central to ALS is the nuclear RNA/DNA-binding protein, TDP-43. In > 95% of ALS patients, TDP-43 is cleared from the nucleus and forms phosphorylated protein aggregates in the cytoplasm of affected neurons and glia. We recently defined that poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) activity regulates TDP-43-associated toxicity. PAR is a posttranslational modification that is attached to target proteins by PAR polymerases (PARPs). PARP-1 and PARP-2 are the major enzymes that are active in the nucleus. Here, we uncovered that the motor neurons of the ALS spinal cord were associated with elevated nuclear PAR, suggesting elevated PARP activity. Veliparib, a small-molecule inhibitor of nuclear PARP-1/2, mitigated the formation of cytoplasmic TDP-43 aggregates in mammalian cells. In primary spinal-cord cultures from rat, Veliparib also inhibited TDP-43-associated neuronal death. These studies uncover that PAR activity is misregulated in the ALS spinal cord, and a small-molecular inhibitor of PARP-1/2 activity may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of ALS and related disorders associated with abnormal TDP-43 homeostasis.
The aim of this work was to investigate the leaching of chalcopyrite concentrate in hydrochloric acid with hydrogen peroxide as a strong oxidizing agent. The effects of the leaching variables on ...metal extraction, such as stirring speed, solid-to-liquid ratio, temperature and HCl and H2O2 concentrations, were studied. The maximum final copper extraction of 33% was attained with 3.0 mol/L H2O2 in 0.5 mol/L HCl at room temperature after 180 min of the reaction. The results showed that the copper extraction was increased in the first 60 min of reaction, after which it essentially ceased due to the fast catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Further, solid-to-liquid ratio affected the copper extraction significantly and the highest copper extraction was obtained in the most dilute suspension (i.e., S/L ratio of 1:100). The dissolution process was described by the first order kinetics equation. The apparent activation energy of 19.6 kJ/mol suggested that the dissolution process was under diffusion control. The reaction orders for HCl and H2O2 were established to be 0.30 and 0.53, respectively. The results of the XRD and SEM/EDS analysis of the leaching residue indicated the generation of the elemental sulphur on mineral surfaces which tended to inhibit the leaching rate.
•C. crispus was treated by novel microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity (MHG) method.•Conventional oven-drying and freeze-drying were tested for comparative purposes.•Drying kinetics, modelling, ...procedure cost and environmental impact were evaluated.•Physicochemical features and bioactive attributes of samples were characterized.•MHG dried system simultaneously allowed recover bioactive macroalgae compounds.
Dehydration of the edible seaweed Chondrus crispus was performed by freeze-drying, conventional oven-drying and emerging microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity (MHG). In this work, the drying kinetics and modelling, estimating specific energy consumption and environmental impact of distinct processes were tested. Color and microstructural features of the dried macroalgae were also evaluated, as well as their nutritive characterization, chemical profile and bioactive potential (antioxidant and antimicrobial activities). Moreover, collected liquid phases from both the defrosted and MHG treated samples were also characterized. All methodologies provided solid phases with an adequate final moisture content. MHG significantly reduced the needed time, specific energy consumption and environmental impact, providing C. crispus with intermediate color and histological structure characteristics. Overall, this trend was also defined to tested chemical parameters and bioactivities. MHG provided aqueous extracts with potential bioactive compounds from this red alga, increasing the efficiency of this drying method.
Since close WR+O binaries are the result of a strong interaction of both stars in massive close binary systems, they can be used to constrain the highly uncertain mass and angular momentum budget ...during the major mass transfer phase. We explore the progenitor evolution of the three best suited WR+O binaries HD 90657, HD 186943 and HD 211853, which are characterized by a WR/O mass ratio of similar to 0.5 and periods of 6...10 days. We are doing so at three different levels of approximation: predicting the massive binary evolution through simple mass loss and angular momentum loss estimates, through full binary evolution models with parametrized mass transfer efficiency, and through binary evolution models including rotation of both components and a physical model which allows to compute mass and angular momentum loss from the binary system as function of time during the mass transfer process. All three methods give consistently the same answers. Our results show that, if these systems formed through stable mass transfer, their initial periods were smaller than their current ones, which implies that mass transfer has started during the core hydrogen burning phase of the initially more massive star. Furthermore, the mass transfer in all three cases must have been highly non-conservative, with on average only similar to 10% of the transferred mass being retained by the mass receiving star. This result gives support to our system mass and angular momentum loss model, which predicts that, in the considered systems, about 90% of the overflowing matter is expelled by the rapid rotation of the mass receiver close to the Omega -limit, which is reached through the accretion of the remaining 10%.
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