Bubbles reside at the water surface before bursting, emitting droplets that can contain chemicals and pathogens linked to disease and contamination. We discover that bacterial secretions enhance the ...lifetime of bubbles. We also reveal and elucidate two distinct regimes of thinning for such contaminated bubbles. Initially, marginal regeneration governs their thinning rate, similarly to clean water bubbles. However, due to their enhanced lifetime, it is eventually evaporation that governs their thinning, thus also dramatically decreasing their thickness at burst. We derive and experimentally validate the expression for the critical timescale at which the transition between the two regimes occurs. The shift in thinning law makes the droplets produced by contaminated bubbles smaller, faster, and more numerous than those produced by clean bubbles. Our findings suggest that microorganisms can manipulate the aging physics of surface bubbles to enhance their own water-to-air dispersal.
In most countries, sanitary landfilling is nowadays the most common way to eliminate municipal solid wastes (MSW). In spite of many advantages, generation of heavily polluted leachates, presenting ...significant variations in both volumetric flow and chemical composition, constitutes a major drawback. Year after year, the recognition of landfill leachate impact on environment has forced authorities to fix more and more stringent requirements for pollution control. This paper is a review of landfill leachate treatments. After the state of art, a discussion put in light an opportunity and some results of the treatment process performances are given. Advantages and drawbacks of the various treatments are discussed under the items: (a) leachate transfer, (b) biodegradation, (c) chemical and physical methods and (d) membrane processes. Several tables permit to review and summarize each treatment efficiency depending on operating conditions. Finally, considering the hardening of the standards of rejection, conventional landfill leachate treatment plants appear under-dimensioned or do not allow to reach the specifications required by the legislator. So that, new technologies or conventional ones improvements have been developed and tried to be financially attractive. Today, the use of membrane technologies, more especially reverse osmosis (RO), either as a main step in a landfill leachate treatment chain or as single post-treatment step has shown to be an indispensable means of achieving purification.
Unsteady fragmentation of a fluid bulk into droplets is important for epidemiology as it governs the transport of pathogens from sneezes and coughs, or from contaminated crops in agriculture. It is ...also ubiquitous in industrial processes such as paint, coating, and combustion. Unsteady fragmentation is distinct from steady fragmentation on which most theoretical efforts have been focused thus far. We address this gap by studying a canonical unsteady fragmentation process: the breakup from a drop impact on a finite surface where the drop fluid is transferred to a free expanding sheet of time-varying properties and bounded by a rim of time-varying thickness. The continuous rim destabilization selects the final spray droplets, yet this process remains poorly understood. We combine theory with advanced image analysis to study the unsteady rim destabilization. We show that, at all times, the rim thickness is governed by a local instantaneous Bond number equal to unity, defined with the instantaneous, local, unsteady rim acceleration. This criterion is found to be robust and universal for a family of unsteady inviscid fluid sheet fragmentation phenomena, from impacts of drops on various surface geometries to impacts on films. We discuss under which viscous and viscoelastic conditions the criterion continues to govern the unsteady rim thickness.
Abstract Background The primary objective was to evaluate correlations linking anatomical to functional outcomes after endoscopically assisted repair of acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation ...(ACJD). Hypothesis Combined acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular stabilisation improves radiological outcomes compared to coracoclavicular stabilisation alone. Material and methods A prospective multicentre study was performed. Clinical outcome measures were pain intensity on a visual analogue scale (VAS), subjective functional impairment (QuickDASH score), and Constant's score. Anatomical outcomes were assessed on standard radiographs (anteroposterior view of the acromioclavicular girdle and bilateral axillary views) obtained preoperatively and postoperatively and on postoperative dynamic radiographs taken as described by Tauber et al. Results Of 116 patients with acute ACJD included in the study, 48% had type III, 30% type IV, and 22% type V ACJD according to the Rockwood classification. Coracoclavicular stabilisation was achieved using a double endobutton in 93% of patients, and concomitant acromioclavicular stabilisation was performed in 50% of patients. The objective functional outcome was good, with an unweighted Constant's score ≥ 85/100 and a subjective QuickDASH functional disability score ≤ 10 in 75% of patients. The radiographic analysis showed significant improvements from the preoperative to the 1-year postoperative values in the vertical plane (decrease in the coracoclavicular ratio from 214 to 128%, p = 10−6 ) and in the horizontal plane (decrease in posterior displacement from 4 to 0 mm, p = 5 × 10−5 ). The anatomical outcome correlated significantly with the functional outcome (absolute R value = 0.19 and p = 0.045). We found no statistically significant differences across the various types of constructs used. Intra-operative control of the acromioclavicular joint did not improve the result. Implantation of a biological graft significantly improved both the anatomical outcome in the vertical plane ( p = 0.04) and acromioclavicular stabilisation in the horizontal plane ( p = 0.02). The coracoclavicular ratio on the anteroposterior radiograph was adversely affected by a longer time from injury to surgery ( p = 0.02) and by a higher body mass index (BMI) ( p = 0.006). High BMI also had a negative effect on the difference in the distance separating the anterior edge of the acromion from the anterior edge of the clavicle between the injured and uninjured sides, as assessed on the axillary views ( p = 0.009). Conclusion This study demonstrates that acute ACJD requires stabilisation in both planes, i.e., at the coracoclavicular junction and at the acromioclavicular joint. Coracoclavicular stabilisation alone is not sufficient, regardless of the type of implant used. Implantation of a biological graft should be considered when the time from injury to surgery is longer than 10 days. The weight of the upper limb should be taken into account, with 6 weeks of immobilisation to unload the construct in patients who have high BMI values. Level of evidence II, prospective non-randomised comparative study.
Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a proliferative disorder of IgM-secreting, lymphoplasmacytoid cells that inhabit the lymph nodes and bone marrow. The disease carries a high prevalence of ...activating mutations in MyD88 (91%) and CXCR4 (28%). Because signaling through these pathways leads to Bcl-xL induction, we examined Bcl-2 family expression in WM patients and cell lines. Unlike other B-lymphocyte-derived malignancies, which become dependent on expression of anti-apoptotic proteins to counter expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, WM samples expressed both pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins at low levels similar to their normal B-cell and plasma cell counterparts. Three WM cell lines expressed pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members Bim or Bax and Bak at low levels, which determined their sensitivity to inducers of intrinsic apoptosis. In two cell lines, miR-155 upregulation, which is common in WM, was responsible for the inhibition of FOXO3a and Bim expression. Both antagonizing miR-155 to induce Bim and proteasome inhibition increased the sensitivity to ABT-737 in these lines indicating a lowering of the apoptotic threshold. In this manner, treatments that increase pro-apoptotic protein expression increase the efficacy of agents treated in combination in addition to direct killing.
De l’asile à la cité Degeilh, B; Bailly, G; Le Guen, S ...
European psychiatry,
November 2014, Volume:
29, Issue:
8
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Contexte et objectifs Un pôle intersectoriel dédié aux patients dits longs séjours a été créé en 2010 au sein de l’hôpital psychiatrique de Dordogne. Une active politique de réhabilitation ...psycho-sociale a été élaborée pour les quatre années du contrat de pôle dans lequel s’engageait alors une petite équipe pluridisciplinaire déterminée à désinstitutionnaliser ces patients (30 % des « lits » du centre hospitalier). Philosophie des soins et moyens engagés Cure and care , socle de l’ empowerment 1 . Des soins spécifiques, notamment la déclinaison originale de l’éducation thérapeutique du patient, la remédiation cognitive et l’apprentissage des habiletés sociales, ont porté un processus de rétablissement 2 ouvrant les portes de l’asile à des personnes hospitalisées depuis des années. Développement des partenariats au-delà des institutions sanitaires et médico-sociales, le soutien d’organismes publics et d’entreprises privées (associations, artisans) a redonné une présence citoyenne à ces malades dénommés chroniques dont la vie s’était longtemps limitée pour l’essentiel à l’enceinte de l’hôpital psychiatrique. Création d’une association Notre association ARCHES a animé deux sections. La première, scientifique, a organisé trois colloques sur l’actualité des thérapies proposées dans les troubles psychiatriques chroniques et la déstigmatisation de la maladie mentale. La deuxième a oeuvré à développer la psychiatrie communautaire en soutenant l’installation des patients dans la cité et l’implication de nos partenaires profanes 3. Résultats et analyse critique Quinze pour cent de notre patientèle est installée en appartement, 30 % en établissement médico-social. Les limites de nos actions, qui s’inscrivent dans le droit fil des rapports ministériels 4 , sont tracées au sein de notre équipe, de notre institution et du contexte socio-économique. Conclusion Notre équipe pose une expertise loco-régionale en soins de suite et de réadaptation psychosociale après ses quatre années d’exercice dans un mouvement d’idées et d’actions que certains nomment psychiatrie citoyenne pour que les personnes souffrant de troubles mentaux chroniques réintègrent la vie communautaire autant que faire se peut.
Nowadays membrane ultrafiltration process is generally used in effluents treatment. However, at industrial level, this process has major limitations such as important membrane fouling. In this study, ...a pre-treatment with lime upstream ultrafiltration was envisaged. The effluent considered is landfill leachate. The final waste storage centres produce leachates resulting from the percolation of waters through the hidden waste mass. These effluents strongly charged in mineral and organic matters, must be treated before their release into natural environment. Concerning the cleaning up, results have shown that the selectivity of membranes has an important influence on elimination of pollution from organic source. As expected, any action of retention on salts and heavy metals has been shown. During the filtration of raw leachate, the fouling of membranes turns to be very important and does not allow reaching satisfactory productivity no matter the cut-off limit. There seems to be no impact from hydrodynamics on velocity circulation higher than 4
m
s
−
1
; this shows the existence of a dense and adhesive deposit on the membrane. The pre-treatment by lime allows (i) to precipitate carbonates under calcium carbonates form and ii) to eliminate by co-precipitation humic acids that are responsible for irreversible membrane fouling. Industrially, the implementation of the pre-treatment may allow reducing the costs of an ultrafiltration unit at about 50% in terms of investment and from 5 to 30% for operating costs.
► Geochemical parameters were measured in Opalinus Clay porewater. ► Unexpected microbial activity occurred in porewater. ► Microorganisms were sustained by organic contamination. ► Microbial ...activity affected geochemical conditions. ► Fe(III)- reduction, sulphate-reduction and methanogenesis occurred.
The purpose of the Porewater Chemistry (PC) experiment at the Mont Terri (MT) Underground Rock Laboratory (URL) was to measure geochemical parameters, such as pH, Eh and pCO
2, in the porewater of the Opalinus Clay formation. Although the PC experiment was designed and implemented carefully from a geochemical perspective, conditions were not sterile and some microbial and nutrient contamination likely occurred. Microbial activity in the added synthetic porewater in the borehole was apparent shortly after initiation of the experiment and affected the geochemical parameters observed in the porewater. This paper summarizes the results from microbial analyses of post-termination PC water and overcore clay samples, conducted to attempt to elucidate the role of microbial activity in the evolution of the geochemical conditions in the PC experiment. Microbial analyses of the PC borehole water, and of clay overcore samples from around the borehole, were carried out at three laboratories and included both molecular biology and culturing methods.
Results indicated the presence of heterotrophic aerobic and anaerobic organisms that resulted likely from the initial, non-sterile conditions, sustained by suspected contamination with organic matter (glycerol, acetone). The results also indicated the presence of NO
3-reducers, Fe-reducers, SO
4-reducers and methanogens (i.e.,
Bacteria as well as
Archaea), suggesting a reducing environment with Fe(III)- and SO
4 reduction, and methanogenesis occurring in the PC water and adjacent clay. A black precipitate containing pyrite (identified by XRD and SEM) and a strong H
2S smell in the porewater confirmed the occurrence of SO
4 reduction. Microorganisms identified in the porewater included
Pseudomonas stutzeri,
Bacillus licheniformis,
Desulfosporosinus spp. and
Hyphomonas spp. Species identified in enrichment cultures from the overcore samples included
Pseudomonas stutzeri, three species of
Trichococcus spp.,
Caldanaerocella colombiensis,
Geosporobacter subterrenus and
Desulfosporosinus lacus. Overall the results indicated a thriving microbial community in the PC water and adjacent clay in contrast to “undisturbed” Opalinus Clay for which limited evidence for a small viable microbial community has been given in a previous study.
Abstract Introduction Treatment of chronic acromioclavicular joint dislocation (ACJD) remains a poorly known and controversial subject. Given the many surgical options, it is not always easy to ...determine which steps are indispensable. Methods This article reports a multicenter prospective study. The clinical and radiological follow-up involved a comparative analysis of the preoperative and postoperative data at 1 year, including pain (visual analogue scale), subjective functional incapacity (QuickDASH), and the objective Constant score, as well as a comparative analysis of vertical and horizontal movements measured on simple x-rays. Results Based on a series of 140 operated ACJDs, we included 24 chronic ACJDs. The mean time to surgery was 46 weeks (range, 1 month to 4 years). The patients’ mean age was 41 years, with a majority of males (75%), 72% of whom participated in recreational sports. Professionally, 40% of the subjects had jobs involving manual labor. We noted 40% grade III, 24% grade IV, and 36% grade V injury according to the Rockwood classification. In 92% of cases, coracoclavicular stabilization was provided by a double button implant, reinforced with a biological graft in 88% of the cases. In 29%, millimeters to centimeters of the distal clavicle were resected and acromioclavicular stabilization was associated in 54%. We observed complications in 33% of the cases. At 1 year postoperative, 21 patients underwent clinical and radiological follow-up (87.5%). Only 35% of the patients were satisfied or very satisfied, whereas 100% of them would recommend the operation. Full-time work was resumed in 91% of the cases and all sports could be resumed in 86%. The pre- and postoperative values at 1 year changed as follows: the mean Constant score improved from 61 to 87 ( p = 0.00002); the subjective QuickDASH score decreased from 41 to 9 ( p = 0.00002); and radiologically significant reduction of the initial displacement was observed in the vertical plane ( p < 10−3 ) and the horizontal plane ( p = 0.022). Conclusion In this study, the favorable prognostic factors found were: time to surgery less than 3 months ( p = 0.02), associated acromioclavicular stabilization, and postoperative immobilization with a sling extended to 6 weeks. However, resection of the distal clavicle did not influence the final result. Level of proof Level II prospective non-randomized comparative study.
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