Structural changes in the retinal vasculature have been linked to increased cardiovascular risks and also change as a function of age. Because multiparity has been associated with poorer ...cardiovascular health scores, we hypothesized that changes in retinal vascular caliber would be observed in multiparous, compared to nulliparous, females and retired breeder males. Age-matched nulliparous (
= 6) and multiparous (
= 11, retired breeder females with 4 ± 1 litters), and male breeder (
= 7) SMA-GFP reporter mice were included for assessment of retinal vascular structure. Multiparous females had higher body mass, heart weight, and kidney weight compared to nulliparous mice, with lower kidney and higher brain weight compared to male breeders. There was no difference in number of retinal arterioles or venules, or arteriole or venule diameter among groups; however, venous pericyte density (number per venule area) decreased in multiparous vs. nulliparous mice and was negatively associated with the time since last litter and with age. Our results suggest that the time elapsed since delivery is an important factor to be considered in multiparity studies. Taken together, changes in vascular structure and potentially function, are time- and age-dependent. Ongoing and future work will determine whether structural changes are associated with functional consequences at the blood-retinal barrier.
Eclampsia, new-onset seizures in pregnancy, can complicate preeclampsia, a hypertensive pregnancy disorder. The mechanisms contributing to increased risk of seizures in preeclampsia are not fully ...known. One mechanism could be abnormal endocannabinoid system (ECS) activity and impaired neuromodulation. Indeed, increased placental cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) expression and reduced serum anandamide, a CB1R ligand, have been reported in preeclampsia patients. We hypothesized that reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP), used to mimic preeclampsia, leads to changes in hippocampal CB1R expression, and that manipulating CB1R activity will change seizure severity in RUPP mice. Pregnant mice underwent sham or RUPP surgery on gestational day (GD)13.5. On GD18.5, mice received: no drug treatment, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ, 40 mg/kg), Rimonabant (10 mg/kg) + PTZ, or 2-AG (1 mg/kg) + PTZ. Behaviors were video recorded (15 min for Rimonabant and 2-AG, followed by 30 min for PTZ), and the hippocampus was harvested. The expression of CB1R and ECS proteins was measured in hippocampal homogenates, synaptosomes, and cytosol. Hippocampal CB1R increased in homogenates and cytosolic fraction, and was unchanged in synaptosomes of RUPP mice. Increased CB1R colocalization on glutamate-releasing neurons within hippocampal CA1 was observed in RUPP mice. Rimonabant modestly increased seizure scores over time in RUPP mice. PTZ after rimonabant pretreatment increased seizure scores and duration, while reducing latency in sham mice, with little to no change in RUPP mice. Furthermore, RUPP mice had lower seizure scores over time than sham following CB1R blockade and activation. These data suggest that RUPP modifies CB1R activity prior to seizure induction, which protects mice from worse seizure outcomes.
Sustained hypertension induces renovascular remodelling by altering extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are Zn-dependent enzymes that regulate ECM turnover in ...concert with their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Increased MMP-2 and MMP-9 have been implicated in hypertensive complications; however, the contribution of individual MMPs/TIMPs in renal remodelling has not been fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of TIMP2 deficiency and thus MMP-2 on angiotensin-II (Ang-II) induced renal remodelling.
C57BL/6J (wild-type) and TIMP2 knockout mice were infused with Ang-II at 250 ng/kg per min for 4 weeks. Blood pressure was measured weekly and end-point laser Doppler flowmetry was done to assess cortical blood flow. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for collagen and elastin analyses. The activity of MMP-9 and MMP-2 was determined by Gelatin zymography.
Ang-II induced similar elevation in mean blood pressure in TIMP2 and wild-type mice. In TIMP2 mice, Ang-II treatment was associated with a greater reduction in renal cortical blood flow and barium angiography demonstrated decreased vascular density compared with Ang-II treated wild-type mice. Peri-glomerular and vascular collagen deposition was increased and elastin content was decreased causing increased wall-to-lumen ratio in TIMP2 mice compared with wild-type mice receiving Ang-II. Ang-II increased the expression and activity of MMP-9 predominantly in TIMP2 mice than in wild-type mice.
These results suggest that TIMP2 deficiency exacerbates renovascular remodelling in agonist-induced hypertension by a mechanism that may, in part, be attributed to increased activity of MMP-9.
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