In this brief, a four-port MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) integrated cognitive radio (CR) concept is designed and analyzed. It is the first time when CR ...concept is integrated with a dielectric resonator-based MIMO antenna. The use of a multipurpose reconfigurable filter design within the feeding structure makes it suitable for both interweave and underlay operations of CR. The proposed antenna is designed over an FR4 substrate. After doing the rigorous simulation process, it is confirmed that the DR-based MIMO antenna (when the feeding structure behaves as all-pass filters) operates over a wide frequency range, i.e., 2.5-5.8 GHz. In the case of interweave operation; the proposed antenna shows narrow pass band tunability between 3.2-4.3 GHz. In the case of underlay operation; it shows band rejection tunability between 2.5-4.5 GHz. The proposed antenna can be efficiently used for a Sub-6.0 GHz 5G Communication system.
In this article, compact inverted F‐antennas (IFAs) operating in the 3.5 GHz band is proposed for future 5G smartphone applications. The conventional IFA is modified to make the structure compact and ...efficient. The additional IFAs are aligned in face‐to‐face configuration to reduce the coupling between them up to some extent. Furthermore, a novel decoupling element is incorporated between antenna pairs to effectively enhance the isolation. As a result, the proposed building block exhibits isolation higher than 28.2 dB between two adjacent ports. Based on highly isolated building blocks, a 4 × 4 and 8 × 8 multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) antenna array is designed and investigated which is operated in 3.5 GHz (LTE band 42). The proposed 8 × 8 MIMO antenna array has four compact building blocks and reserves sufficient space for integrating other antennas such as 2G/3G/4G antennas. To validate the simulated results, a prototype of the proposed antenna is fabricated and tested. Over the entire operating frequency, the fabricated 8 × 8 MIMO antenna array obtain high isolation of more than 27.3 dB, and high antenna efficiency (>61%). Also, its corresponding measured envelope correlation coefficients are lower than 0.04 and channel capacity was about 39.1–40.6 bps/Hz. The measured results show that the proposed MIMO antenna array is a good candidate for future fifth‐generation smartphone applications.
Summary
In this communication, a dual port printed multi‐input and multi‐output (MIMO) antenna with high isolation of dimension 12 × 8.5 × 0.8 mm3 is designed, analyzed, and investigated for 28‐GHz ...5G mm‐wave applications. The metasurface layer is suspended over the MIMO antenna to convert the linearly polarized (LP) wave to a circularly polarized (CP) wave. The unit cell of the metasurface consists of a square‐shaped conducting strip with one side of diagonal points interconnected. The conducting strip and rectangular gap between the strips etched on the substrate are capable of generating the π/2 phase shifted electric field components (Ex and Ey) resulting in polarization conversion from LP to CP. The machine learning concept is used to characterize the dimensional configuration of the antenna to achieve the optimum throughput. The MIMO diversity performance parameters and antenna essential results are validated by the measured counterparts.
In this communication, a dual port printed MIMO antenna with high isolation of dimension 12 × 8.5 × 0.8 mm3 is designed, analyzed, and investigated for 28‐GHz 5G mm‐wave applications. The metasurface layer is suspended over the MIMO antenna to convert the linearly polarized wave to a circularly polarized wave.
In this communication, the aperture coupled modified rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (rDRA) is designed and studied. The modified rectangular DRA is the same as Swastik shape. An ...asymmetrical microstrip line‐fed aperture stimulated a triple radiating mode pattern inside the ceramic material, that is,
TE111,TE211xandTE121y, respectively. Swastik‐shaped ceramic radiator provides two important advantages: (a) lower Q‐factor, which in turn improves the impedance bandwidth, and (b) the creation of degenerated orthogonal mode with 90° phase shifts, which provides CP waves in one of the operating bands. Experimental outcomes confirm that the proposed antenna is working in dual‐frequency bands, that is, 6.41–7.38 GHz and 10.2–12.8 GHz, respectively. It supports left‐handed CP waves from 11.51 to 11.89 GHz. The proposed antenna is widely employable for fixed service satellite (FSS) for defense applications.
In this communication, aperture coupled modified rectangular dielectric resonator antenna is designed. The modified rectangular DRA is the same as Swastik shape. Three distinct radiating mode patterns were generated inside the ceramic material, that is,
TE111,TE211xandTE121y. The advantages of the proposed design are as follows: (a) lower Q‐factor, which improves the impedance bandwidth, and (b) the creation of degenerated orthogonal mode with 90° phase shifts, which provides CP wave.
Summary
In this article, a dual port Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) cylindrical Dielectric Resonator (DR)‐based frequency tunable antenna with a machine learning (ML) approach for a 5G New ...Radio (NR) application is presented. According to the author's best knowledge, it is the first time‐frequency tunable MIMO hybrid DR with ML is reported. A dual port MIMO DRA is placed in the orthogonal configuration with the connected ground to obtain higher isolation
S12<−19dB in the entire frequency range. The proposed dual port antenna provides a total spectrum (TS) and tuning range (TR) of 98.99% and 80.93%, respectively. The different MIMO parameters, Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC), Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC), and Diversity Gain (DG) are investigated and found within the acceptable limits. The optimization of the proposed dual port tunable antenna is done through the various ML algorithms, including Artificial Neural Network (ANN), K‐Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB). The KNN ML algorithm provides more than 98% accuracy for predicting the S‐parameters in all configurations. Hence, the proposed antenna is suitable for 5G NR applications.
Key findings
A frequency tunable dual port Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) based on Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) with a Machine Learning (ML) approach for a 5G NR application is presented.
The optimization of the frequency tunable dual port DRA is done through the various ML algorithms, including Artificial Neural Network, K‐Nearest Neighbor, Decision Tree, Random Forest, and Extreme Gradient Boosting. The comparison of ML algorithms is done through the training time, testing time, and Accuracy.
This work proposes a novel dielectric resonator antenna design for 5G-based IoT applications that operates in the sub-6 GHz frequency range. The DR antenna is built on a 1.6-mm-thick FR-4 substrate ...with dimensions of 30*50 mm2. The proposed dielectric resonator antenna is made of alumina and is excited using a microstrip feedline of 50 Ω. Because of the hybrid arrangement of cylindrical and rectangular dielectric resonator elements on the FR4 substrate, this proposed structure has improved the radiation mechanism. The antenna design process begins with creating the antenna in the Ansys HFSS EM simulator, which is then optimized using machine learning based on the antenna geometry’s target factors. A data set of 2625 sample data values is generated in HFSS and fed to various machine learning algorithms for further optimization based on data trends. Post-optimization, the antenna design is fabricated and tested. The proposed antenna offers a wide bandwidth of 1.1 GHz between 3.5 and 4.6 GHz and resonates at 3.9 GHz making it suitable for 5G sub-6 GHz IoT applications.
This article presented a sensing method for detecting SARS-CoV-2 based on refractive index (RI). The approach utilizes the established nanogap terahertz metamaterial unit cell design as a biosensor. ...The underlying idea is that the SARS-CoV-2 virus can be treated as a nanoparticle, falling within the 30–100 nm diameter range. Therefore, it can be detected using established and dependable photonics methods. Notably, the SARS-CoV-2 virus family exhibits a negative RI between − 0.96 and − 1. Absorption coefficient
(
α
) is 226,615.2 cm
−1
, absorption rate is 97% and sensitivity (
S
) is 330
nm
/
RIU
. The analysis shows a minimal deviation in absorption and resonant frequency when varying the thickness of the dielectric clad from 30 to 100 nm. This stability makes it a suitable outcome for sensing SARS-CoV-2.
In this communication, two port printed Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) antenna with reduced radar cross section and low mutual coupling is designed and analyzed. Reduced mutual coupling (less than ...−20 dB) is achieved by placing the electromagnetic band gap structure in between the two identical ports. Frequency selective surface has been used to reduce the radar cross section (more than 30 dB reduction) of the proposed antenna design, which makes it suitable for military applications. The proposed radiating design is fabricated and measured for the purpose of validation. It resonates at 6.8 GHz supporting an impedance bandwidth of 1.03 GHz from 6.12 to 7.15 GHz. It promises a gain of 4.75 dB in the working frequency range. This radiator is suitable for military radars works in C‐band.
A two element half split Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna (CDRA) with probe feed is proposed for wideband monopole-type radiation pattern. The proposed antenna has been designed and ...fabricated. The input and radiation characteristics of the proposed antenna have been determined through the Ansoft HFSS simulation software. Simulation results are compared with measured results and found good agreement. The input characteristics of the proposed antenna have been also compared with half split CDRA. The proposed antenna provides wide bandwidth (≈66%) and monopole type radiation pattern with low cross polarization level for wireless application.
This paper examines a triple band cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (CDRA) with three different radiating modes, i.e., HEM118, TM018, and HEM128. Excitation of all these radiating modes ...simultaneously, in CDRA, is the most challenging task, which have been accomplished by using composite feeding structure combination of vertical strip and psi-shaped (ψ) microstrip line. Out of three radiating mode, two hybrid modes (i.e., HEM118 and HEM128) radiate in broadside direction, while remaining one (TM018) creates monopole like radiation pattern. Diversified radiation patterns make the proposed CDRA suitable for different wireless applications. Simulated outcomes of the proposed antenna design have been practically confirmed with the help of archetype of proposed antenna. The proposed CDRA is working in three different frequency bands: 2.5-3.02, 3.76-3.86, and 4.38-4.72 GHz. The proposed radiator is quite suitable for WiMAX (2.5 GHz) and vehicular applications.
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