With the advent of Deep Learning (DL), Super-Resolution (SR) has also become a thriving research area. However, despite promising results, the field still faces challenges that require further ...research, e.g., allowing flexible upsampling, more effective loss functions, and better evaluation metrics. We review the domain of SR in light of recent advances and examine state-of-the-art models such as diffusion (DDPM) and transformer-based SR models. We critically discuss contemporary strategies used in SR and identify promising yet unexplored research directions. We complement previous surveys by incorporating the latest developments in the field, such as uncertainty-driven losses, wavelet networks, neural architecture search, novel normalization methods, and the latest evaluation techniques. We also include several visualizations for the models and methods throughout each chapter to facilitate a global understanding of the trends in the field. This review ultimately aims at helping researchers to push the boundaries of DL applied to SR.
Background. Skeletal muscle atrophy in rodents is associated with increased gene expression of proteolytic markers muscle-RING-finger protein 1 (MuRF-1) and atrogin-1. In humans with age-related ...muscle atrophy, known as sarcopenia, little is known about these key proteolytic biomarkers. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was 2-fold: (i) measure messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of proteolytic genes MuRF-1, atrogin-1, forkhead box (FOXO)3A, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in young and old women at rest, and (ii) measure these proteolytic genes in response to an acute resistance exercise (RE) bout, a known hypertrophic stimulus. Methods. A group of old women (OW: n = 6, 85 ± 1 years, thigh muscle = 89 ± 4 cm2) and young women (YW: n = 8, 23 ± 2 years, thigh muscle = 122 ± 6 cm2) performed three sets of 10 knee extensions at 70% of one-repetition maximum. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis before and 4 hours after RE. Using real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR), mRNA was amplified and normalized to GAPDH. Results. At rest, OW expressed higher mRNA levels of MuRF-1 (p =.04) and FOXO3A (p =.001) compared to YW. In response to RE, there was an age effect (p =.01) in the induction of atrogin-1 (OW: 2.5-fold). Both YW and OW had an induction (p =.001) in MuRF-1 (YW: 3.6-fold; OW: 2.6-fold) with RE. Conclusions. These data show that the regulation of ubiquitin proteasome-related genes involved with muscle atrophy are altered in very old women (> 80 years). This finding is manifested both at rest and in response to RE, which may contribute to the large degree of muscle loss with age.
This study reports new exclusive cross sections for ep→e'π+π–p' using the CLAS detector at Jefferson Laboratory. These results are presented for the first time at photon virtualities 2.0 GeV2 < Q2 < ...5.0 GeV2 in the center-of-mass energy range 1.4 GeV < W < 2.0 GeV, which covers a large part of the nucleon resonance region. Using a model developed for the phenomenological analysis of electroproduction data, we see strong indications that the relative contributions from the resonant cross sections at W < 1.74 GeV increase with Q2. These data considerably extend the kinematic reach of previous measurements. Exclusive ep→e'π+π–p' cross section measurements are of particular importance for the extraction of resonance electrocouplings in the mass range above 1.6 GeV.
Mutations in the RET proto-oncogene are associated with the pathogenesis of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). In an attempt to understand this process, we examined microdissected subpopulations from ...MTC and multiple metastases from these tumors. Approximately 80% of sporadic MTC's had at least one subpopulation with the RET codon 918 mutation, which is a mutation previously detected in sporadic MTC as a somatic mutation and in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B as a germline mutation. However, the distribution of this mutation was nonhomogeneous, occurring only in subpopulations in most tumors and among subsets of multiple metastases, thus implying that although the codon 918 mutation could be an early event, it is not necessarily an early or essential event in tumorigenesis. This heterogeneity suggests either that the codon 918 mutation can arise as an event in progression within a metastatic clone or within a single tumor, or that MTC can be of polyclonal origin. Of significance, one of two multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A MTCs carried a somatic mutation at codon 918, in addition to the RET mutation present in the germline. We found no correlation between the presence of other somatic genetic events, such as loss of heterozygosity on chromosome arms 1p and 22q, and RET mutation status in the various subpopulations of MTC.
Beam-target double-spin asymmetries and target single-spin asymmetries were measured for the exclusive π0 electroproduction reaction γ*p → pπ0, expanding an analysis of the γ*p → nπ+ reaction from ...the same experiment. The results were obtained from scattering of 6-GeV longitudinally polarized electrons off longitudinally polarized protons using the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer at Jefferson Laboratory. The kinematic ranges covered are 1.1 < W < 3 GeV and 1 < Q2 < 6 GeV2. Results were obtained for about 5700 bins in W, Q2, cos(θ*), and φ*. The beam-target asymmetries were found to generally be greater than zero, with relatively modest φ* dependence. The target asymmetries exhibit very strong φ* dependence, with a change in sign occurring between results at low W and high W, in contrast to π+ electroproduction. Reasonable agreement is found with phenomenological fits to previous data for W <1.6 GeV, but significant differences are seen at higher W. When combined with cross-sectional measurements, as well as π+ observables, the present results will provide powerful constraints on nucleon resonance amplitudes at moderate and large values of Q2, for resonances with masses as high as 2.4 GeV.
The aim of this prospective and complete cross-over study was to evaluate the effects of isoflurane, remifentanil and dexmedetomidine on EEG parameters derived from the Narcotrend® Monitor before and ...after nociceptive stimulation at different isoflurane MAC (minimal alveolar concentration) multiples. Seven adult European Domestic Short Hair cats were used. Each cat went through 3 experimental treatments. Group I received isoflurane, group IR received isoflurane and a constant rate infusion (CRI) of remifentanil (18 μg/kg/h IV), and group ID received isoflurane and a CRI of dexmedetomidine (3 μg/kg/h IV). The isoflurane MAC in each group was determined via supramaximal electrical stimulation. The EEG parameters were derived by a Narcotrend Monitor at specific time points before and after nociceptive stimulation at 0.75, 1.0 and 1.5 MAC. The depth of anaesthesia was also assessed by a clinical score.
The mean MAC sparing effects in group IR and group ID were 9.8 and 55.2%, respectively. The best correlation of EEG and MAC multiples was found for the Narcotrend Index (NI) in group I (r = - 0.67). The NI was also able to differentiate between 0.75 MAC and 1.5 MAC in group IR. Spectral edge frequency had a lower correlation with MAC multiples in group I (r = - 0.62) but was able to differentiate between 0.75 MAC and 1.5 MAC in groups I and IR, and between 1.0 MAC and 1.5 MAC in group IR. Narcotrend Index, SEF 95 and MF increased significantly after nociceptive stimulation at 1.0 MAC in group I, and SEF 95 increased significantly at 0.75 MAC in group ID. The clinical score correlated closer than any of the EEG parameters with MAC in all groups, with highest correlation values in group I (r = - 0.89). Noxious stimulation led to a significant increase of the clinical score at 0.75 MAC and 1.0 MAC in group I.
The EEG parameters derived from the Narcotrend Monitor show correlation to isoflurane MAC multiples in cats, but the anaesthetic protocol and especially the addition of dexmedetomidine have great influence on the reliability. The Narcotrend Monitor can be used as an additional tool to assess anesthetic depth in cats.
It has long been recognized that the formation of soluble arsenic sulfur complexes plays a key role for the mobility and toxicity of arsenic in sulfate-reducing environments. Knowledge of the exact ...arsenic species is essential to understand the behavior of arsenic in sulfidic aquifers and to develop remediation strategies. In the past, monomeric and trimeric thioarsenites were assumed to be the existing species in sulfidic systems. In this study, thioarsenates were identified by IC−ICP/MS in arsenite- and sulfide-containing solutions as well as in a reduced groundwater from a contaminated site. The unexpected finding of an oxidation of As(III) to As(V) in thioarsenates in strongly reducing systems can be explained by the high affinity between As(III) and sulfur. In sulfide-containing solutions without oxidant, As(III) therefore undergoes disproportionation to thioarsenates (As(V)) and elemental arsenic. It has previously been supposed that mobility as well as toxicity of arsenic increases if the redox state decreases. For sulfidic waters, the opposite is probably the case. Thus, the formation of thioarsenates could be used in connection with remediation strategies. Thioarsenates are highly sensitive to oxygen and pH. This is important for analytical procedures. A loss of soluble arsenic as well as a conversion to arsenite and arsenate may occur if water samples containing thioarsenates are analyzed with conventional methods.
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