This contribution aims to address risks and opportunities for cultural diversity resulting from platforms’ personalisation tools based on a legal analysis of the main provisions of the European Union ...General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) on consumer profiling and automated decisions, as well as a sample of data protection policies of selected streaming platforms. It examines how the latter may in practice affect the protection of consumers’ personal data for the purpose of recommending personalised audio-visual and music content online and how such provisions relate to the discoverability of a diversified cultural offer online and, at the European level, the obligation for platforms to give prominence to European works in their catalogues. The paper shows that a lot may still be done to improve the transparency of algorithms used for personalisation purposes and to provide users with greater control of their data, as required by the GDPR.
The article examines how the European Union has addressed the 'trade and culture debate' in its international trade agreements. From a cultural exception approach based on an attempt to detach ...culture from trade provisions, the European Union economic agreements seem to evolve to a broader and more holistic position aiming to promote cultural exchanges through cooperation, while still safeguarding policy space in cultural matters through its traditional cultural exception. The article provides an overview of the European positions to defend the specificity of the audio-visual services sector at the multilateral (World Trade Organization Agreements), regional and bilateral levels. It also examines how the implementation of the 2005 UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions has led the European Union to negotiate cultural cooperation provisions in parallel to some of its recent bilateral and regional trade agreements and the way this Convention may impact the understanding of the 'trade and culture debate'.
The present article aims to inquire about business convergence in creative industries from the perspective of cultural diversity. It is based on the premise that the recognition of the creative and ...innovative component of the so-called 'creative industries' or the 'creative economy' confirms the need for non-economic factors and particularly cultural concerns to be taken into account in regulatory efforts addressing those industries. It examines the way new technologies and business convergence may affect the 'trade and culture debate' vis-à-vis the World Trade Organization (WTO), and how the 2005 UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (CDCE) may respond in a relevant manner to challenges brought therefrom. Despite its weakly binding language, the CDCE contains principles, objectives and rules that set a comprehensive framework for policy 'related to the protection and promotion of the diversity of cultural expressions' at the national, regional and international levels. A fundamental piece in such an approach is the explicit integration of cultural concerns into the concept of sustainable development. This article argues that the material and economic perspective adopted in the CDCE, based on the production and consumption of cultural goods and services, remains relevant and pertinent in the creative economy, despite business convergence. By prioritizing policy and regulatory coordination, it maintains that the main elements enshrined in the CDCE should be employed to contribute to greater coherence in view of the objective of promoting cultural diversity, including vis-à-vis the WTO and other international organizations, and puts forward potential paths for such coordination.
Cet article a pour objet le traitement de l’interface « commerce – culture » dans la politique commerciale extérieure de l’Union européenne (UE), avec un accent particulier sur le numérique. Il ...examine les différentes dispositions sur le secteur de l’audiovisuel et le numérique dans les accords bilatéraux et régionaux de commerce européens, afin d’identifier la manière dont l’UE reconnaît la spécificité de ce secteur et la stratégie qu’elle emploie afin de conserver sa marge de manœuvre en matière de politique culturelle dans ces accords. L’article la compare à la stratégie d’autres partenaires commerciaux de l’UE, et tient compte des principes et objectifs reconnus au sein de l’Organisation des Nations unies pour l’éducation, la science et la culture (UNESCO), notamment par la Convention de 2005 sur la protection et la promotion de la diversité des expressions culturelles.
Cet article a pour objet le traitement de l’interface « commerce – culture » dans la politique commerciale extérieure de l’Union européenne (UE), avec un accent particulier sur le numérique. Il ...examine les différentes dispositions sur le secteur de l’audiovisuel et le numérique dans les accords bilatéraux et régionaux de commerce européens, afin d’identifier la manière dont l’UE reconnaît la spécificité de ce secteur et la stratégie qu’elle emploie afin de conserver sa marge de manœuvre en matière de politique culturelle dans ces accords. L’article la compare à la stratégie d’autres partenaires commerciaux de l’UE, et tient compte des principes et objectifs reconnus au sein de l’Organisation des Nations unies pour l’éducation, la science et la culture (UNESCO), notamment par la Convention de 2005 sur la protection et la promotion de la diversité des expressions culturelles.
Cet article a pour objet le traitement de l’interface « commerce – culture » dans la politique commerciale extérieure de l’Union européenne (UE), avec un accent particulier sur le numérique. Il ...examine les différentes dispositions sur le secteur de l’audiovisuel et le numérique dans les accords bilatéraux et régionaux de commerce européens, afin d’identifier la manière dont l’UE reconnaît la spécificité de ce secteur et la stratégie qu’elle emploie afin de conserver sa marge de manœuvre en matière de politique culturelle dans ces accords. L’article la compare à la stratégie d’autres partenaires commerciaux de l’UE, et tient compte des principes et objectifs reconnus au sein de l’Organisation des Nations unies pour l’éducation, la science et la culture (UNESCO), notamment par la Convention de 2005 sur la protection et la promotion de la diversité des expressions culturelles.
This article addresses the “trade and culture” interface in the European external trade policy, with emphasis on the digital environment. It examines the various aspects of the legal treatment of the audiovisual sector and digital issues in European bilateral and regional trade agreements in order to identify how the European Union acknowledges the specificity of that sector and its strategy in maintaining its cultural policy space in those agreements. The article compares it to the strategy adopted by other European Union trade partners, while considering the principles and objectives recognized within UNESCO, notably under the 2005 Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions.
Članak se bavi pitanjima rizika i prilika za kulturnu raznolikost koji proizlaze iz alata za personalizaciju platformi, a temelji se na pravnoj analizi glavnih odredbi Opće uredbe o zaštiti podataka ...Europske unije (engl. GDPR) o profiliranju potrošača i automatiziranim odlukama, kao i na analizi politika zaštite podataka odabranih streaming platformi. U članku se ispituje kako potonji mogu u praksi utjecati na zaštitu osobnih podataka potrošača u svrhu preporučivanja personaliziranih audiovizualnihi glazbenih sadržaja na internetu te kako se takve odredbe odnose na otkrivanje raznolike kulturne ponude na internetu i, na europskoj razini, na obvezu platformi da istaknu europska djela u svojim katalozima. Zaključuje se da još mnogo toga mora biti učinjeno kako bi se poboljšala transparentnost algoritama koji se koriste u svrhu personalizacije te kako bi se korisnicima omogućila veća kontrola njihovih podataka, kako to zahtijeva GDPR.
Les biens et les services culturels menacés Hanania, Lilian Richieri
Regards croisés sur la convention pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel immatériel et la convention sur la protection et la promotion de la diversité des expressions culturelles,
2019
Book Chapter
PDF