Aquaculture has become an agronomic activity with noticeable development around the world to respond to the simultaneous decrease of fish captures and the increasing demand of aquatic products for ...human consumption. However, different problems limit the development of this industry and one of those is the time required for most of the cultured fish species to achieve economically viable the commercial size. The knowledge up to date of the regulatory systems involved in controlling growth has improved very much but, it is still necessary to devote efforts to transform the basic information in application to fish culture production. The aim of the present review is to summarize the knowledge acquired with the studies about the GH/IGF axis and other hormones regarding their function on the regulation of fish muscle development and growth. To this end, GH and IGFs effects in muscle cells on metabolism and development are examined, as well as the contribution of IGF-I binding proteins, IGF-I receptors and their downstream regulated molecules like TOR and its relation with cell proliferation and differentiation and the myogenic regulatory factors. The effect of regulatory molecules on cultured myocytes are reviewed as well as in vivo responses, including the model of sustained and maintained swimming. Key aspects we consider should be further investigated to complete the scenario of the regulation of fish muscle are also proposed.
•The GH/IGF axis regulates growth and metabolism in fish muscle•Thyroid hormones and steroids exert important roles controlling muscle growth•IGF-I and IGF-II stimulate nutrients uptake and differentially regulate myogenesis•TOR and proteolytic systems' members can be valuable markers of growth condition•Moderate and sustained swimming provokes in fish better growth and flesh quality
Soluble inositol polyphosphates are found in many cells. The trisphosphate isomers, mainly inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate, have been extensively studied because of their involvement in signal ...transduction. However, higher phosphorylated inositols are less frequently studied and their physiological role is poorly understood. Among these, only the myo-inositol-1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5), an important component of bird erythrocytes, has been intensively studied in comparative studies because it is a potent allosteric effector of hemoglobin and decreases its affinity to oxygen. We have developed a procedure for the analysis of inositol polyphosphates and other phosphate compounds in vertebrate blood cells based on a quick and accurate HPLC separation coupled to metal-dye detection. The procedure includes acid extraction of cellular phosphates, acid elimination and concentration of the extract, HPLC separation of phosphate compounds, and quantification by coupled highly sensitive metal-dye detection. The method is especially useful for analyses of highly phosphorylated inositols and for red cell comparative studies. Using the described method we have quantified Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 and the low quantities of InsP6 found in bird erythrocytes. We also identified traces of Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 and Ins(1,3,4,6)P4. Moreover, by applying the method in cultured murine macrophages, we have found changes of highly phosphorylated inositols when these cells are activated by lipopolysaccharide.
Both morphological and paleontological characteristics support the hypothesis of a monophyletic origin of crocodilian and avian groups. However, while the erythrocytes of all birds studied to date ...are reported to contain high levels of inositol pentakisphosphate (InsP
5), which acts as an allosteric effector of hemoglobin, this molecule has not been reported in crocodilian erythrocytes. In this study we compare the highly phosphorylated inositols in crocodilian and avian erythrocytes using a particularly sensitive analytical procedure. Our aim was to obtain new data which might provide further evidence for the monophyletic origin, or otherwise, of crocodiles and birds. We studied three avian and three crocodilian species. The erythrocytes of the three bird species contained low levels of inositol-3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate and inositol-1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate, thought to be precursors of Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P
5. The crocodilian erythrocytes studied contained Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P
5 and InsP
6 in higher concentrations than those found in mammal erythrocytes and in other more active cells such as macrophages. Our data provide further evidence of the similarity between crocodilian and avian groups and agree with the hypothesis that both groups evolved from a common ancestor. The process by which the function of inositol phosphates changed from that of intracellular signaling to hemoglobin allosteric effector is discussed.
Studies analyzing non-antibiotic alternatives in kidney transplant UTI's are lacking. d-Mannose, a simple sugar, inhibits bacterial attachment to the urothelium, as does Proanthocyanidins; both could ...act as a synergic strategy preventing UTI; nonetheless their efficacy and safety have not been evaluated in kidney transplant population yet.
This is a pilot prospective, double-blind randomized trial. Sixty de novo kidney transplant recipients were randomized (1:1) to receive a prophylactic strategy based on a 24-h prolonged release formulation of d-Mannose plus Proanthocyanidins vs. Proanthocyanidins (PAC) alone. The supplements were taken for the first 3 months after kidney transplant and then followed up for 3 months as well. The main objective of the study was to search if the addition of Mannose to PAC alone reduced the incidence of UTI and/or asymptomatic bacteriuria in the first 6 months post-transplantation.
27% of patients experienced one UTI episode (cystitis or pyelonephritis) while asymptomatic bacteriuria was very common (57%). Incidences according UTI type or AB were: 7% vs. 4% for cystitis episode (p 0.3), 4% vs. 5% for pyelonephritis (p 0.5) and 17% vs. 14% for asymptomatic bacteriuria (p 0.4) for patients in the Mannose+PAC group vs. PAC group respectively. The most frequent bacteria isolated in both groups was Escherichia coli (28% of all episodes), UTI or AB due to E. coli was not different according to study group (30% vs. 23% for Mannose+PAC vs. PAC alone p 0.37).
Non-antibiotic therapy is an unmet need to prevent UTI after kidney transplantation; however, the use of d-Mannose plus PAC does not seem capable to prevent it.
Faltan estudios que analicen alternativas no antibióticas para tratar las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU) en los pacientes trasplantados renales. La D-Manosa, un azúcar simple, inhibe la adhesión bacteriana al urotelio, al igual que las Proantocianidinas; ambas moléculas podrían actuar como una estrategia sinérgica para prevenir las ITUs; pero su eficacia y seguridad aún no se han evaluado en la población trasplantada renal.
Este es un ensayo piloto prospectivo y doble ciego. Sesenta receptores de trasplante renal de novo fueron asignados al azar (1:1) para recibir una estrategia profiláctica basada en una formulación de liberación prolongada de 24 horas de D-Manosa más Proantocianidinas (PAC), frente a solo Proantocianidinas (PAC). Los suplementos se tomaron durante los primeros 3 meses después del trasplante renal y luego se realizó un seguimiento durante otros 3 meses. El objetivo principal del estudio fue determinar si la adición de D-Manosa a PAC reducía la incidencia de ITU y/o bacteriuria asintomática en los primeros 6 meses después del trasplante.
El 27% de los pacientes experimentó un episodio de ITU (cistitis o pielonefritis), mientras que la bacteriuria asintomática fue muy común (57%). Las incidencias según el tipo de ITU o bacteriuria asintomática fueron: 7% frente a 4% para episodio de cistitis (p 0.3), 4% frente a 5% para pielonefritis (p 0.5) y 17% frente a 14% para bacteriuria asintomática (p 0.4) en el grupo de manosa + PAC frente al grupo PAC, respectivamente. La bacteria más frecuente en ambos grupos fue Escherichia coli (28% de todos los episodios), sin embargo las ITU o bacteriuria asintomática debidas a E. coli no fueron diferentes según el grupo de estudio (30% frente a 23% para Manosa + PAC frente a PAC solo, p.0.37).
La terapia no antibiótica es una necesidad para prevenir las ITU después del trasplante renal; sin embargo, el uso de D-Manosa más PAC no parece ser capaz de prevenir las ITU en este grupo especial de pacientes.
Abstract
Background
Guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) for the management of heart failure (HF) may impact on the frequency of severe secondary mitral regurgitation (SMR).
Objective
To ...evaluate the impact of optimization of GDMT on the grade of SMR in a cohort of HF patients managed in a multidisciplinary HF clinic and to assess predictors and prognosis of deterioration of SMR.
Methods
In a prospective, consecutive, observational registry of HF patients, a 2-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography was performed at baseline and at 1 year of follow-up. Patients treated with surgical or interventional mitral valve repair were excluded. The primary endpoint was all-cause death.
Results
Of a total of 2.980 HF patients, 1814 patients had 2 echocardiograms performed 1 year apart. At baseline, 99 patients had a severe SMR (5.5%), 389 (21.4%) moderate and the remainder had mild, trace or none SMR. After 1-year, 80.8% of those with baseline severe SMR presented a regression to non-severe SMR, 66.6% of those with moderate SMR regressed to mild SMR and 1.1% of those with non-severe SMR at baseline worsened to severe SMR.
Older age (OR 1.42 per every decade; 95% CI 1.19-1.69, p<0.001), ischaemic aetiology of HF (OR 1.64; 95% CI 1.11-2.42, p<0.001) and baseline NTproBNP (OR 1.19; 95% CI 1.08-1.32, p<0.001) were independently associated with worsening of SMR at 1 year of follow-up.
Patients with baseline severe SMR that improved at 1 year had a similar risk of the primary endpoint to those with non-severe SMR at both time points (HR 0.93; 95% CI 0.62-1.42; p=0.75), even after adjusting for age, sex and LVEF (HR 0.99; 95% CI 0.65-1.52; p= 0.98). On the contrary, patients with non-severe SMR that worsen showed the worst prognosis (Figure 1).
Conclusions
Most of the patients with HF and severe SMR show a regression of SMR within 1 year of GDMT. Patients with baseline severe SMR that improved at 1 year have a similar prognosis than those with non-severe SMR at both time points. Older age, ischaemic aetiology and higher levels of NTproBNP were associated with deterioration of SMR.Table 1.Population characteristicsFigure 1.Survival curves
Summary
Outcomes of kidney transplantation (KT) after controlled circulatory death (cDCD) with highly expanded criteria donors (ECD) and recipients have not been thoroughly evaluated. We analyzed in ...a multicenter cohort of 1161 consecutive KT, granular baseline donor and recipient factors predicting transplant outcomes, selected by bootstrapping and Cox proportional hazards, and were validated in a contemporaneous European KT cohort (n = 1585). 74.3% were DBD and 25.7% cDCD‐KT. ECD‐KT showed the poorest graft survival rates, irrespective of cDCD or DBD (log‐rank < 0.001). Besides standard ECD classification, dialysis vintage, older age, and previous cardiovascular recipient events together with low class‐II‐HLA match, long cold ischemia time and combining a diabetic donor with a cDCD predicted graft loss (C‐Index 0.715, 95% CI 0.675–0.755). External validation showed good prediction accuracy (C‐Index 0.697, 95%CI 0.643–0.741). Recipient older age, male gender, dialysis vintage, previous cardiovascular events, and receiving a cDCD independently predicted patient death. Benefit/risk assessment of undergoing KT was compared with concurrent waitlisted candidates, and despite the fact that undergoing KT outperformed remaining waitlisted, remarkably high mortality rates were predicted if KT was undertaken under the worst risk‐prediction model. Strategies to increase the donor pool, including cDCD transplants with highly expanded donor and recipient candidates, should be performed with caution.
This study presents two prediction models for graft and patient survival using granular data. Even in the worst risk‐prediction scenario, KT seems to provide better patient survival expectancy as compared with remaining on the waiting list but with a high mortality risk if this high‐risk kidney transplantation is undertaken.
Background: Studies analyzing non-antibiotic alternatives in kidney transplant UTI's are lacking. d-Mannose, a simple sugar, inhibits bacterial attachment to the urothelium, as does ...Proanthocyanidins; both could act as a synergic strategy preventing UTI; nonetheless their efficacy and safety have not been evaluated in kidney transplant population yet. Methods: This is a pilot prospective, double-blind randomized trial. Sixty de novo kidney transplant recipients were randomized (1:1) to receive a prophylactic strategy based on a 24-h prolonged release formulation of d-Mannose plus Proanthocyanidins vs. Proanthocyanidins (PAC) alone. The supplements were taken for the first 3 months after kidney transplant and then followed up for 3 months as well. The main objective of the study was to search if the addition of Mannose to PAC alone reduced the incidence of UTI and/or asymptomatic bacteriuria in the first 6 months post-transplantation. Results: 27% of patients experienced one UTI episode (cystitis or pyelonephritis) while asymptomatic bacteriuria was very common (57%). Incidences according UTI type or AB were: 7% vs. 4% for cystitis episode (p 0.3), 4% vs. 5% for pyelonephritis (p 0.5) and 17% vs. 14% for asymptomatic bacteriuria (p 0.4) for patients in the Mannose + PAC group vs. PAC group respectively. The most frequent bacteria isolated in both groups was Escherichia coli (28% of all episodes), UTI or AB due to E. coli was not different according to study group (30% vs. 23% for Mannose + PAC vs. PAC alone p 0.37). Conclusions: Non-antibiotic therapy is an unmet need to prevent UTI after kidney transplantation; however, the use of d-Mannose plus PAC does not seem capable to prevent it. Resumen: Antecedentes: Faltan estudios que analicen alternativas no antibióticas para tratar las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU) en los pacientes trasplantados renales. La D-Manosa, un azúcar simple, inhibe la adhesión bacteriana al urotelio, al igual que las Proantocianidinas; ambas moléculas podrían actuar como una estrategia sinérgica para prevenir las ITUs; pero su eficacia y seguridad aún no se han evaluado en la población trasplantada renal. Métodos: Este es un ensayo piloto prospectivo y doble ciego. Sesenta receptores de trasplante renal de novo fueron asignados al azar (1:1) para recibir una estrategia profiláctica basada en una formulación de liberación prolongada de 24 horas de D-Manosa más Proantocianidinas (PAC), frente a solo Proantocianidinas (PAC). Los suplementos se tomaron durante los primeros 3 meses después del trasplante renal y luego se realizó un seguimiento durante otros 3 meses. El objetivo principal del estudio fue determinar si la adición de D-Manosa a PAC reducía la incidencia de ITU y/o bacteriuria asintomática en los primeros 6 meses después del trasplante. Resultados: El 27% de los pacientes experimentó un episodio de ITU (cistitis o pielonefritis), mientras que la bacteriuria asintomática fue muy común (57%). Las incidencias según el tipo de ITU o bacteriuria asintomática fueron: 7% frente a 4% para episodio de cistitis (p 0.3), 4% frente a 5% para pielonefritis (p 0.5) y 17% frente a 14% para bacteriuria asintomática (p 0.4) en el grupo de manosa + PAC frente al grupo PAC, respectivamente. La bacteria más frecuente en ambos grupos fue Escherichia coli (28% de todos los episodios), sin embargo las ITU o bacteriuria asintomática debidas a E. coli no fueron diferentes según el grupo de estudio (30% frente a 23% para Manosa + PAC frente a PAC solo, p.0.37). Conclusiones: La terapia no antibiótica es una necesidad para prevenir las ITU después del trasplante renal; sin embargo, el uso de D-Manosa más PAC no parece ser capaz de prevenir las ITU en este grupo especial de pacientes.
Studies analyzing non-antibiotic alternatives in kidney transplant UTI's are lacking. d-Mannose, a simple sugar, inhibits bacterial attachment to the urothelium, as does Proanthocyanidins; both could ...act as a synergic strategy preventing UTI; nonetheless their efficacy and safety have not been evaluated in kidney transplant population yet.
This is a pilot prospective, double-blind randomized trial. Sixty de novo kidney transplant recipients were randomized (1:1) to receive a prophylactic strategy based on a 24-h prolonged release formulation of d-Mannose plus Proanthocyanidins vs. Proanthocyanidins (PAC) alone. The supplements were taken for the first 3 months after kidney transplant and then followed up for 3 months as well. The main objective of the study was to search if the addition of Mannose to PAC alone reduced the incidence of UTI and/or asymptomatic bacteriuria in the first 6 months post-transplantation.
27% of patients experienced one UTI episode (cystitis or pyelonephritis) while asymptomatic bacteriuria was very common (57%). Incidences according UTI type or AB were: 7% vs. 4% for cystitis episode (p 0.3), 4% vs. 5% for pyelonephritis (p 0.5) and 17% vs. 14% for asymptomatic bacteriuria (p 0.4) for patients in the Mannose+PAC group vs. PAC group respectively. The most frequent bacteria isolated in both groups was Escherichia coli (28% of all episodes), UTI or AB due to E. coli was not different according to study group (30% vs. 23% for Mannose+PAC vs. PAC alone p 0.37).
Non-antibiotic therapy is an unmet need to prevent UTI after kidney transplantation; however, the use of d-Mannose plus PAC does not seem capable to prevent it.
Faltan estudios que analicen alternativas no antibióticas para tratar las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU) en los pacientes trasplantados renales. La D-Manosa, un azúcar simple, inhibe la adhesión bacteriana al urotelio, al igual que las Proantocianidinas; ambas moléculas podrían actuar como una estrategia sinérgica para prevenir las ITUs; pero su eficacia y seguridad aún no se han evaluado en la población trasplantada renal.
Este es un ensayo piloto prospectivo y doble ciego. Sesenta receptores de trasplante renal de novo fueron asignados al azar (1:1) para recibir una estrategia profiláctica basada en una formulación de liberación prolongada de 24 horas de D-Manosa más Proantocianidinas (PAC), frente a solo Proantocianidinas (PAC). Los suplementos se tomaron durante los primeros 3 meses después del trasplante renal y luego se realizó un seguimiento durante otros 3 meses. El objetivo principal del estudio fue determinar si la adición de D-Manosa a PAC reducía la incidencia de ITU y/o bacteriuria asintomática en los primeros 6 meses después del trasplante.
El 27% de los pacientes experimentó un episodio de ITU (cistitis o pielonefritis), mientras que la bacteriuria asintomática fue muy común (57%). Las incidencias según el tipo de ITU o bacteriuria asintomática fueron: 7% frente a 4% para episodio de cistitis (p 0.3), 4% frente a 5% para pielonefritis (p 0.5) y 17% frente a 14% para bacteriuria asintomática (p 0.4) en el grupo de manosa + PAC frente al grupo PAC, respectivamente. La bacteria más frecuente en ambos grupos fue Escherichia coli (28% de todos los episodios), sin embargo las ITU o bacteriuria asintomática debidas a E. coli no fueron diferentes según el grupo de estudio (30% frente a 23% para Manosa + PAC frente a PAC solo, p.0.37).
La terapia no antibiótica es una necesidad para prevenir las ITU después del trasplante renal; sin embargo, el uso de D-Manosa más PAC no parece ser capaz de prevenir las ITU en este grupo especial de pacientes.
