Solar Orbiter is the first space mission observing the solar plasma both in situ and remotely, from a close distance, in and out of the ecliptic. The ultimate goal is to understand how the Sun ...produces and controls the heliosphere, filling the Solar System and driving the planetary environments. With six remote-sensing and four in-situ instrument suites, the coordination and planning of the operations are essential to address the following four top-level science questions: (1) What drives the solar wind and where does the coronal magnetic field originate? (2) How do solar transients drive heliospheric variability? (3) How do solar eruptions produce energetic particle radiation that fills the heliosphere? (4) How does the solar dynamo work and drive connections between the Sun and the heliosphere? Maximising the mission's science return requires considering the characteristics of each orbit, including the relative position of the spacecraft to Earth (affecting downlink rates), trajectory events (such as gravitational assist manoeuvres), and the phase of the solar activity cycle. Furthermore, since each orbit's science telemetry will be downloaded over the course of the following orbit, science operations must be planned at mission level, rather than at the level of individual orbits. It is important to explore the way in which those science questions are translated into an actual plan of observations that fits into the mission, thus ensuring that no opportunities are missed. First, the overarching goals are broken down into specific, answerable questions along with the required observations and the so-called Science Activity Plan (SAP) is developed to achieve this. The SAP groups objectives that require similar observations into Solar Orbiter Observing Plans (SOOPs), resulting in a strategic, top-level view of the optimal opportunities for science observations during the mission lifetime.
Solar Orbiter, the first mission of ESA's Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 programme and a mission of international collaboration between ESA and NASA, will explore the Sun and heliosphere from close up and ...out of the ecliptic plane. It was launched on 10 February 2020 04:03 UTC from Cape Canaveral and aims to address key questions of solar and heliospheric physics pertaining to how the Sun creates and controls the Heliosphere, and why solar activity changes with time. To answer these, the mission carries six remote-sensing instruments to observe the Sun and the solar corona, and four in-situ instruments to measure the solar wind, energetic particles, and electromagnetic fields. In this paper, we describe the science objectives of the mission, and how these will be addressed by the joint observations of the instruments onboard. The paper first summarises the mission-level science objectives, followed by an overview of the spacecraft and payload. We report the observables and performance figures of each instrument, as well as the trajectory design. This is followed by a summary of the science operations concept. The paper concludes with a more detailed description of the science objectives. Solar Orbiter will combine in-situ measurements in the heliosphere with high-resolution remote-sensing observations of the Sun to address fundamental questions of solar and heliospheric physics. The performance of the Solar Orbiter payload meets the requirements derived from the mission's science objectives. Its science return will be augmented further by coordinated observations with other space missions and ground-based observatories.
Direction selective transmission regimes obtainable in the framework of the Lorentz reciprocity have lately attracted scientist community attention. Unlike nonreciprocal structures, reciprocal ones ...are eminently passive and generally much simpler. Enabling direction selective regimes with reciprocal structures requires breaking the spatial inversion symmetry. With this aim in view, different strategies have been proposed, such as higher diffraction orders excitation, polarization conversion, and bending transmission channels in prism-like configurations. Here, the first approach is implemented for a fishnet metamaterial loaded with a dielectric grating. It is shown that a very compact volumetric device can be designed while maintaining direction selectivity features.
This open-label, multi-center study from Mexico compared the efficacy and safety of oral sildenafil and phentolamine in men with erectile dysfunction. Patients received sildenafil (25-100 mg; n=123) ...or phentolamine (40 mg; n=119) for 8 weeks, and efficacy was assessed using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) as well as two global efficacy questions. Mean scores for the erectile function domain of the IIEF were significantly higher for sildenafil (27.23 +/- 0.62; P=0.0001) than for phentolamine (19.35 +/- 0.66). Approximately twice as many men receiving sildenafil had successful attempts at sexual intercourse (88% vs 42%), improved erections (95% vs 51.1%), and improved ability to have sexual intercourse (94.4% vs 46.4%) compared with phentolamine. The most common adverse events included rhinitis, headache, tachycardia, and nausea, with a higher frequency reported in patients receiving phentolamine than sildenafil (41% vs 33%), with the exception of headache, which was reported more frequently in sildenafil users. Overall, sildenafil was more effective and appeared to be better tolerated than phentolamine for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
To analyze the characteristics of systemic necrotizing vasculitis observed in necropsy emphasizing the non-diagnosed cases until necropsy and to identify the reasons of clinical confusion.
Necropsies ...of adult patients performed in Hospital General La Paz, Madrid, from 1966 to 1977 were reviewed. Clinical manifestations, analytical changes and involvement of different organs were analyzed. The correspondence degree between clinical and necropsic diagnoses was studied.
A total of 18 cases of necrotizing vasculitis were observed out of 3,980 necropsies. The most common clinical manifestations were fever and general syndrome (60%). The organs most commonly involved were kidney (94%) and gastrointestinal tract (56%). Diagnosis was revealed by necropsy in 39% of cases; in these cases, the incidence of heart failure and peripheral neuropathy was significantly lower, whereas digestive hemorrhage and liver, pancreas, adrenal gland, and bladder involvement was significantly higher.
Systemic necrotizing vasculitis in underdiagnosed, which can be partly explained by the lack of specificity of the most common symptoms and the paucity of characteristic clinical and organ-specific manifestations which leads to confusion with more prevalent conditions.
The autistic disorder sometimes called autism or classic ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorders), is the more serious affection of the autism spectrum, it appear in 1 of 88 births, affecting in the early age ...children. A social robot is a robot that has interaction with the people imitating some patterns and behaviors, with abilities inside the social intelligence range. A prototype was created that make movements and expressions, for helping the autism children whit low functioning (ASD) and contribute with their live quality.
This paper describes: 1) the implementation of one system for controlling and monitoring physical variables involved in starting and sustaining a three-phase centrifuged gliding-arc (TPCGA) discharge ...called gliding centrifugal thermal plasma (GCTP), and 2) the analysis of data collected in spreadsheets by a virtual instrument (VI) to explain plasma behavior. The goal of this work was to program a VI through LabVIEW™ for establishing a central unit to control the performing of the GCTP, and for recording the measurements of the analog signals involved in the process. Data are used to support the analysis and diagnosis steps. In addition, it could also help to propose a closed loop control design, because of the identification of extreme values. Instrumentation also considers the installation of an AC voltage source, gas flow valves, data acquisition cards, and current, pressure, and temperature sensors. For security reasons, a remote interface version of the VI was uploaded to internet. It can be approached when toxic gases are treated.
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