Objective
To describe a modified laparoscopic‐assisted cryptorchidectomy technique in dogs using a single‐port endoscope and evaluate clinical outcome in abdominal cryptorchid dogs that underwent the ...procedure.
Study design
Prospective case series.
Animals
A total of 14 client‐owned dogs (19 abdominal cryptorchid testes).
Methods
Dogs scheduled for laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy between January 2019 and April 2022 were enrolled in the study. The dogs underwent single‐port laparoscopic‐assisted cryptorchidectomy (SP‐LAC) performed by a single surgeon using a 10‐mm single‐port endoscope placed in the midline immediately cranial to the prepuce. The abdominal testis was endoscopically located and grasped, the cannula was retracted, the capnoperitoneum was reversed to allow exteriorization of the testis, and the spermatic cord was ligated extracorporeally.
Results
Median age was 13 months (range, 7–29 months) and median bodyweight was 23.0 kg (range, 2.2–55.0 kg). Nine of 14 dogs had unilateral abdominal cryptorchidism (7 right‐sided and 2 left‐sided) and 5/14 dogs had bilateral abdominal cryptorchidism. Median surgical time for unilateral abdominal cryptorchidectomy was 17 min (range, 14–21 min) and for bilateral abdominal cryptorchidectomy 27 min (range, 23–55 min). Ten dogs had additional surgical procedures performed concurrently with SP‐LAC. One major intraoperative complication (testicular artery hemorrhage) occurred that required emergency conversion and two minor entry‐related complications were observed.
Conclusion
The SP‐LAC procedure enabled removal of abdominal testes and was associated with a low morbidity.
Clinical significance
The SP‐LAC procedure can be performed by a single surgeon and represents a less invasive alternative to multi‐port laparoscopic‐assisted or single‐port multi‐access laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy techniques.
Background
In dogs with portal hypertension (PH), spec cPL is suggested to be increased despite normal pancreatic histology. After attenuation of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts ...(cEHPSS), multiple acquired portosystemic shunt (MAPSS) can develop as consequence of sustained PH. Presence of MAPSS affects future therapeutic options and prognosis.
Objective
Evaluate if spec cPL concentrations increase postoperatively in dogs that develop MAPSS and can thus serve as an indicator of PH.
Animals
Twenty‐four dogs with cEHPSS.
Methods
Dogs classified according to surgical outcome after cEHPSS attenuation (8 with MAPSS group M, 9 with closed cEHPSS group C and 7 with patent blood flow through the original cEHPSS, without evidence of MAPSS group P). Spec cPL was measured in preoperative samples (T0), 4 days (T1) and 1 (T2) and 3‐ to 6‐months (T3) after surgery.
Results
Spec cPL was within reference interval (<200 μg/L) at all timepoints except at T1. At T1, 2 dogs in group M (321 and >2000 μg/L) and also 1 in group C (688 μg/L) and 1 in group P (839 μg/L) had increased spec cPL concentrations. No differences in spec cPL concentrations between groups or changes over time were identified.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Spec cPL is not consistently increased in dogs that develop MAPSS after cEHPSS attenuation and has no potential as a biomarker for the identification of MAPSS after cEHPSS attenuation.
Background
Hepatic supportive diet (HSD), lactulose, and antimicrobials are medical treatments for dogs with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (cEHPSS). The relative contribution of these ...treatment components is currently unknown.
Objectives
To determine which treatment combinations are most efficacious in pre‐surgical control of clinical signs of cEHPSS in dogs.
Animals
Thirty‐six dogs with untreated cEHPSS.
Methods
Three‐arm randomized clinical trial. At inclusion (T0), dogs were divided into 3 groups: HSD (n = 12), HSD + lactulose (n = 12), or HSD + metronidazole (n = 12) and received the randomized treatment for 4 weeks (T1) followed by combined treatment of HSD + lactulose + metronidazole for 2 weeks or until cEHPSS attenuation (T2). Clinical score as well as fasting ammonia (FA) and C‐reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were compared among groups and time points.
Results
Thirty‐four dogs were evaluated. Thirty‐four dogs reached T1 and 29 dogs T2. At T1, clinical scores decreased in the HSD + lactulose (n = 11; P = .001), but not in the HSD (n = 8; P = .96) and HSD + metronidazole (n = 10; P = .06) groups. Adding metronidazole to HSD + lactulose (n = 11) did not result in further clinical score improvement (T2; P = 1.000). Moderate and weak correlation between clinical score and FA and clinical score and CRP was present (ρ = .35, P < .001; ρ = .27, P = .01, respectively) with FA decreasing over time on medical treatment (P = .001).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Combined HSD + lactulose seems sufficient for pre‐surgical cEHPSS stabilization unlike sole HSD or HSD + metronidazole. Medical treatment of cEHPSS clinical signs decreases FA.
Objective
To determine the sensitivity and specificity of different individual and combined blood tests to assess extrahepatic portosystemic shunt (EHPSS) closure after gradual attenuation of EHPSS ...in dogs.
Study design
Clinical prospective study.
Animals
Twenty client‐owned dogs with EHPSS.
Methods
Fasting ammonia (FA), preprandial, postprandial, and paired serum bile acids (SBA), the lidocaine/monoethylglycylxylidide (L/MEGX) test, and serum hyaluronic acid (SHA) were performed at diagnosis, and 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. Transsplenic portal scintigraphy was performed to determine EHPSS closure 3 months postoperatively. Their sensitivity and specificity in determining shunt closure postoperatively were calculated.
Results
When assessing a single blood parameter, FA had the highest specificity (100%), whereas SHA and MEGX measured 15 min after lidocaine administration (T15) had the highest sensitivity (96.9% and 96.2%, respectively) for determining shunt closure postoperatively. The most promising blood test combinations were SHA (sensitivity 96.9%, specificity 81.8%), combined with the L/MEGX test (MEGX at T15: sensitivity 100%, specificity 72.4%) or the L/MEGX test (MEGX at T15) combined with either FA (sensitivity 100%, specificity 82.8%) or postprandial SBA (sensitivity 100%, specificity 81.5%).
Conclusion
Both SHA and the L/MEGX test were sensitive tests for determining shunt closure after gradual attenuation of EHPSS. Test performances could even be improved by combining these tests with each other or with traditional tests such as FA or postprandial SBA.
Clinical significance
Although SHA and the L/MEGX test are sensitive blood tests for determining EHPSS closure, especially when combined with traditional blood tests, imaging is still needed to confirm EHPSS closure.
Background
Diagnosing a congenital portosystemic shunt (cPSS) in dogs can be challenging. The current study aims to report diagnostic performance of fasting ammonia (FA), preprandial, postprandial ...and paired serum bile acids (SBA) and abdominal ultrasound (aUS) in dogs suspected of having a cPSS.
Methods
Medical records of dogs suspected of having a cPSS at initial presentation were retrospectively reviewed.
Results
In total, 192 dogs suspected of cPSS were included: a cPSS was confirmed in 147 dogs and excluded in 45 dogs. FA had the best combined sensitivity and specificity (77.4 and 93.3%, respectively) to diagnose cPSS. The sensitivity and negative predictive value were 100.0% for paired SBA, making paired SBA the best test to exclude cPSS in this population. Sensitivity and specificity of aUS were 80.8 and 90.0%, respectively.
Conclusions
In dogs with clinical signs compatible with cPSS, elevated FA is suggestive of cPSS, whereas normal paired SBA makes the presence of a cPSS unlikely. Although aUS is a useful tool to diagnose cPSS, additional imaging is required to visualize cPSS in almost 20% of cases. Furthermore, the localisation of cPSS can be misdiagnosed, especially in case of extrahepatic cPSS that do not insert into the prehepatic vena cava.
Objective
To describe an intraoral approach (IOA) for zygomatic sialadenectomy in dogs and to compare this surgical approach to a modified lateral orbitotomy approach (LOA).
Study design
Cadaveric ...study and short case series.
Sample population
Ten canine cadavers and three dogs with clinical disease.
Methods
Bilateral zygomatic sialoadenectomies were performed in six mesocephalic, two brachycephalic and two dolichocephalic cadavers, randomly assigned to IOA on one side and LOA on the contralateral side. Duration of surgery, ease of surgical stage scores (rated on 5‐point Likert scale) and completeness of gland removal were recorded. Additionally, IOA was performed in three dogs with zygomatic salivary gland (ZSG) disease.
Results
Removal of the ZSG was complete in 8/10 and 10/10 dogs using the IOA and LOA, respectively. Surgery was faster with IOA (42.0 min; 33.5–49.6 min) than LOA (65.7 min; 54.9–76.4 min, p = .005). Ease of removal did not differ between approaches (p = .091). Diseased ZSGs were successfully removed in three dogs without intra‐ or short‐term postoperative complications.
Conclusions
The intraoral approach described here was technically equally challenging but faster than the LOA. Its clinical use led to an uneventful surgery with excellent short‐term outcome in three dogs.
Clinical relevance
The IOA provides an alternative approach for zygomatic sialoadenectomy in dogs with ZSG disease.
The objective of this study is to survey general prescribing behaviour by Belgian companion animal veterinarians and to assess agreement of these practices with current treatment guidelines. ...Therefore an online survey was administered with five realistic and frequently occurring first-line cases to primary-care veterinary practitioners. For each case a predefined pattern of questions were asked about whether or not they would prescribe antimicrobials, if they would prescribe a non-antimicrobial treatment and if they would perform additional diagnostic steps. The responses were compared with recommendations in national guidelines and recent literature. The overall most prescribed antimicrobials were potentiated amoxicillin (43.0 per cent), fluoroquinolones (14.7 per cent), third-generation and fourth-generation cephalosporins (10.9 per cent) and tetracyclines (10.9 per cent). Only 48.3 per cent of the veterinarians complied with the guidelines in nearly all of the clinical scenarios (ie, prescribing antimicrobials when indicated, not prescribing antimicrobials when it is not indicated). Moreover, when prescribing highest priority critically important antimicrobials, susceptibility testing on bacterial cultures was performed in only 12.4 per cent of the prescriptions. The results showed that the prescribing behaviour of antimicrobial compounds by primary-care veterinary practitioners in dogs and cats is often not in agreement with national guidelines. Focus in improvement of this prescribing behaviour should be on performing the appropriate diagnostic steps and decreasing the use of highest priority critically important antimicrobials.
Background
Physiological skin pH levels are well‐documented in human medicine, and assessment of variations may be important in assessing the efficacy of wound healing. By contrast, physiological ...skin pH levels in dogs are sparsely described.
Hypothesis/Objectives
To determine the pH of intact skin in healthy dogs and to study the influence of different physiological factors on the pH level of canine skin.
Animals
Seventy‐seven client‐owned dogs of various breeds, age and sex.
Methods and materials
A prospective study was designed and the pH of intact skin was measured at the concave surface of both pinnae, and in both axillary and inguinal regions. For each location, the colour and density of the hairs also was recorded. Each dog’s rectal body temperature and body condition scores also were determined.
Results
The skin pH in dogs <12 weeks of age was significantly lower (3.97–5.70) than in older dogs (4.40–8.18) (P < 0.001). In dogs >12 weeks of age, skin pH was significantly lower in the inguinal regions compared to the pinnae (P = 0.008), and female dogs had a significantly lower skin pH in the inguinal regions than male dogs (P = 0.043). Pinnae covered with light‐coloured hair had a lower skin pH than those with dark‐coloured hair (P = 0.04). No significant differences were found between dogs with different body condition scores, body temperatures or differences in hair density.
Conclusions and clinical relevance
The pH of intact healthy skin is lower in puppies of <12 weeks of age. Regional differences of body location also were seen which were variably affected by hair colour and sex. A baseline assessment of skin pH in healthy dogs is important for future studies of disease and wound healing.
Résumé
Contexte
Les niveaux de pH cutané physiologiques sont bine documentés en médecine humaine et déterminer les variations peut être important pour estimer l’efficacité de la cicatrisation. Au contraire, les niveaux de pH cutané physiologiques chez le chien sont peu décrits.
Hypothèses/Objectifs
Déterminer le pH de la peau intacte de chiens sains et étudier l’influence de différents facteurs physiologiques sur les valeurs de pH de la peau canine.
Sujets
Soixante dix sept chiens de propriétaires de race, âge et genre variés.
Matériels et méthodes
Une étude prospective a été réalisée et le pH de la peau intacte a été mesuré à la surface concave des deux pavillons et dans les deux régions inguinales et axillaires. Pour chaque zone, la couleur et la densité des poils ont également été enregistrées. La température rectale et les scores corporels ont aussi été déterminés pour chaque chien.
Résultats
Le pH cutané des chiens de moins de 12 semaines était significativement plus bas (3.97–5.70) que les chiens plus âgés (4.40–8.18) (P < 0.001). Chez les chiens de plus de 12 semaines, le pH cutané était significativement plus faible dans les régions inguinales que sur les pavillons (P = 0.008), et les femelles avaient un pH cutané significativement plus faible dans les régions inguinales que les mâles (P = 0.043). Les pavillons recouverts de poils clairs avaient un pH cutané plus faible que ceux avec poils sombres (P = 0.04). Aucune différence significative n’a été trouvée entre les chiens en fonction de leurs scores corporels, des températures corporelles ou de la densité pilaire.
Conclusions et importance clinique
Le pH de la peau cutanée intacte est plus faible chez les chiots de moins de 12 semaines. Les variations entre zones corporelles différentes ont aussi été observées, ce qui est affecté par la couleur des poils ou par le genre. Une détermination du pH cutané de base chez le chien sains est importante pour de futures études de pathologie ou de cicatrisation cutanée.
Resumen
Introducción
los niveles fisiológicos de pH de la piel están bien documentados en medicina humana y la evaluación de las variaciones puede ser importante para valorar la eficacia de la cicatrización de heridas. Por el contrario, los niveles de pH fisiológico de la piel en perros se han descrito raramente.
Hipótesis/Objetivos
Determinar el pH de la piel intacta en perros sanos y estudiar la influencia de diferentes factores fisiológicos en el nivel de pH de la piel canina.
Animales
setenta y siete perros de propietarios particulares de diversas razas, edades y sexos
Métodos y materiales
se diseñó un estudio prospectivo y se midió el pH de la piel intacta en la superficie cóncava de ambos pabellones auditivos y en las regiones axilar e inguinal. Para cada ubicación también se anotó el color y la densidad de los pelos. Igualmente se determinaron los valores de la temperatura corporal rectal y la condición corporal de cada perro.
Resultados
El pH de la piel en perros <12 semanas de edad fue significativamente más bajo (3,97–5,70) que en perros mayores (4,40–8,18) (P <0,001). En perros> 12 semanas de edad, el pH de la piel fue significativamente más bajo en las regiones inguinales en comparación con el pabellón auricular (P = 0,008), y las hembras tenían un pH cutáneo significativamente más bajo en las regiones inguinales que los perros machos (P = 0,043). Las orejas cubiertas con cabello de color claro tenían un pH cutáneo más bajo que aquellas con cabello de color oscuro (P = 0,04). No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre perros con diferentes valores de condición corporal, temperaturas corporales o diferencias en la densidad del pelo.
Conclusiones y relevancia clínica
El pH de la piel sana intacta es más bajo en cachorros de <12 semanas de edad. También se observaron diferencias regionales de ubicación corporal que se vieron afectadas de manera variable por el color del cabello y el sexo. Una evaluación de referencia del pH de la piel en perros sanos es importante para futuros estudios de enfermedades y cicatrización de heridas.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Physiologische pH Werte der Haut sind in der Humanmedizin gut dokumentiert und eine Erhebung von Variationen könnte bei der Erhebung ihrer Wirksamkeit bei der Wundheilung von Bedeutung sein. Im Gegensatz dazu sind physiologische pH Werte der Haut beim Hund nur selten beschrieben.
Hypothese/Ziele
Eine Bestimmung des pH Wertes intakter Haut bei gesunden Hunden und eine Untersuchung der Einflussnahme unterschiedlicher physiologischer Faktoren auf die pH Werte von Hundehaut.
Tiere
Siebenundsiebzig Hunde verschiedener Rasse, Alters und Geschlechts, die sich in Privatbesitz befanden.
Methoden und Materialien
Eine prospektive Studie wurde designed und der pH Wert intakter Haut an der konkaven Oberfläche beider Pinnae, sowie beider Achseln und der Inguinalregion gemessen. Für jede Lokalisation wurde die Farbe und Dichtheit der Haare ebenfalls bestimmt. Die Rektaltemperatur eines jeden Hundes und die Werte des Allgemeinzustandes des Körpers wurden erhoben.
Ergebnisse
Der pH Wert der Haut bei Hunden < 12 Wochen Lebensalter war signifikant niedriger (3,97‐5,70) als bei älteren Hunden (4,40‐8,18)(P < 0,001). Bei Hunden < 12 Wochen Lebensalter war der pH Wert der Haut in der Inguinalregion signifikant niedriger im Vergleich zu den Pinnae (P = 0,008), und weibliche Hunde hatte einen signifikant niedrigeren pH der Haut in der Inguinalregion als männliche Hunde (P = 0,043). Pinnae, die mit hellen Haaren bedeckt waren, zeigten einen niedrigeren pH Wert als solche, die mit dunkelgefärbten Haaren bedeckt waren (P = 0,04). Es wurden keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Allgemeinbefunden, der Körpertemperatur oder der Haardichte gefunden.
Schlussfolgerungen und klinische Bedeutung
Der pH Wert intakter gesunder Haut ist bei Welpen < 12 Wochen niedriger. Regionale Unterschiede in Bezug auf die Körperlokalisation konnten ebenfalls festgestellt werden, diese waren in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß von Haarfarbe und Geschlecht beeinflusst. Ein Basiswert für den pH Wert der Haut ist bei gesunden Hunden für weitere Studien von Erkrankungen und Wundheilung wichtig.
要約
背景
人の皮膚の生理的pH値はよく知られており、その変動を評価することは創傷治癒の効果を評価する上で重要である。対照的に、犬の生理的な皮膚のpHレベルはほとんど記述されていない。
仮説/目的
本研究の目的は、健常犬の無傷の皮膚pHを測定し、犬の皮膚pHレベルに対するさまざまな生理学的因子の影響を研究することであった。
供試動物
様々な品種、年齢、性別のオーナー所有の犬77頭。
材料と方法
前向き研究がデザインされ、無傷の皮膚pHは、両耳介の凹面、および両腋窩および鼠径部で測定された。それぞれの部位で、毛の色および密度も記録した。また、各犬の直腸体温およびボディコンディションスコアを測定した。
結果
12週齢未満の犬の皮膚pHは、高齢の犬 (4.40‐8.18) よりも有意に低かった (3.97‐5.70) (P < 0.001) 。12週齢以上の犬では、鼠径部の皮膚pHは耳介部に比べて有意に低く (P = 0.008) 、雌犬は雄犬に比べて鼠径部の皮膚pHが有意に低かった (P = 0.043) 。明るい色の毛で覆われた耳介部は、暗い色の毛で覆われた耳介よりも皮膚pHが低かった (P = 0.04) 。ボディコンディションスコア、体温、毛の密度が異なる犬の間では、有意な差は見られなかった。
結論と臨床的関連性
無傷の健常皮膚pHは、12週齢未満の子犬では低いことがわかった。また、体の部位による領域差が見られ、これは毛色や性別によっても影響を受ける。健常犬の皮膚pHをベースラインで評価することは、今後の疾患や創傷治癒の研究に重要である。
摘要
背景
生理皮肤pH水平在人类医学中有充分记录,评估变化可能对评估伤口愈合的有效性很重要。相比之下, 犬的生理性皮肤pH水平描述很少。
假设/目的
测定健康犬完整皮肤的pH值, 并研究不同生理因素对犬皮肤pH水平的影响。
动物
77只不同品种、年龄和性别的客户拥有的犬。
方法和材料
设计前瞻性研究, 测量双侧耳廓凹面、腋窝和腹股沟区域完整皮肤的pH值。对于每个位置, 还记录了毛发的颜色和密度。还测定了每只犬的直肠体温和身体状况评分。
结果
< 12周龄犬的皮肤pH值(3.97‐5.70)显著低于老年犬(4.40‐8.18)(P < 0.001)。在 > 12周龄的犬中, 与耳廓相比, 腹股沟区域的皮肤pH值显著降低(P = 0.008), 雌性犬腹股沟区域的皮肤pH值显著低于雄性犬(P = 0.043)。被浅色毛发覆盖的耳廓皮肤pH值低于被深色毛发覆盖的耳廓(P = 0.04)。不同身体状况评分、体温或毛发密度差异的犬之间未发现显著差异。
结论和临床相关性
< 12周龄幼犬的完整健康皮肤pH值较低。还观察到身体位置的区域差异, 其受毛发颜色和性别的不同影响。健康犬皮肤pH值的基线评估对于未来疾病和伤口愈合研究非常重要。
Resumo
Contexto
Os níveis fisiológicos de pH da pele são bem documentados na medicina humana e a avaliação das variações pode ser importante para avaliar a eficácia da cicatrização de feridas. Em contraste, os níveis fisiológicos de pH da pele em cães são pouco descritos.
Hipótese/Objetivos
Determinar o pH da pele intacta em cães saudáveis e estudar a influência de diferentes fatores fisiológicos no nível de pH da pele canina.
Animais
Setenta e sete cães de propriedade privada de várias raças, idade e sexo.
Métodos e materiais
Um estudo prospectivo foi delineado e o pH da pele íntegra foi mensurado na superfície côncava de ambas as orelhas e nas regiões axilar e inguinal. Para cada local, a cor e a densidade dos pelos também foram registradas. A temperatura retal de cada cão e os escores de condição corporal também foram determinados.
Resultados
O pH da p
One of the major challenges in surgical oncology is the intraoperative discrimination of tumoural versus healthy tissue. Until today, surgeons rely on visual inspection and palpation to define the ...tumoural margins during surgery and, unfortunately, for various cancer types, the local recurrence rate thus remains unacceptably high. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging is an optical imaging technique that can provide real-time preoperative and intraoperative information after administration of a fluorescent probe that emits NIR light once exposed to a NIR light source. This technique is safe, cost-effective and technically easy. Several NIR fluorescent probes are currently studied for their ability to highlight neoplastic cells. In addition, NIR fluorescence imaging holds great promise for sentinel lymph node mapping. The aim of this manuscript is to provide a literature review of the current organic NIR fluorescent probes tested in the light of human oncology and to introduce fluorescence imaging as a valuable asset in veterinary oncology.
Background
Several options have been proposed for the treatment of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (cEHPSS) in dogs, but formal comparisons among different treatment options are ...currently unavailable. A previous evidence‐based review (2012) found low quality of evidence for papers assessing the treatment of cEHPSS in dogs.
Objectives
To assess the quality of evidence available in the treatment of cEHPSS, summarize the current state of knowledge with respect to outcome after cEHPSS management, and compare different treatment techniques.
Animals
Not used.
Methods
A bibliographic search was performed without date or language restrictions. Studies were assessed for quality of evidence (study design, study group sizes, subject enrollment quality, and overall risk of bias) and outcome measures reported (perioperative outcome, clinical outcome, and surgical or interventional outcome), all reported with 95% confidence intervals. A network meta‐analysis was performed.
Results
Forty‐eight studies were included. Six retrospective studies (grade 4b) compared 2 techniques and 7 were s (grade 5). The quality of evidence was low and risk of bias high. Regarding surgical outcome, statistically significant superiority of ameroid constrictor over thin film band was observed (P = .003). No other comparisons were statistically significant.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
The evidence base of choice of treatment of cEHPSS in dogs remains weak despite recent publications on the subject. Ameroid is superior to thin film band in causing EHPSS closure. Blinded randomized studies comparing different treatment modalities, which routinely include postoperative imaging to assess cEHPSS closure and acquired portosystemic shunt development are essential.
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