This theoretical article revives a classical bridging construct, canalization, to describe a new model of a general factor of psychopathology. To achieve this, we have distinguished between two types ...of plasticity, an early one that we call ‘TEMP’ for ‘Temperature or Entropy Mediated Plasticity’, and another, we call ‘canalization’, which is close to Hebbian plasticity. These two forms of plasticity can be most easily distinguished by their relationship to ‘precision’ or inverse variance; TEMP relates to increased model variance or decreased precision, whereas the opposite is true for canalization. TEMP also subsumes increased learning rate, (Ising) temperature and entropy. Dictionary definitions of ‘plasticity’ describe it as the property of being easily shaped or molded; TEMP is the better match for this. Importantly, we propose that ‘pathological’ phenotypes develop via mechanisms of canalization or increased model precision, as a defensive response to adversity and associated distress or dysphoria. Our model states that canalization entrenches in psychopathology, narrowing the phenotypic state-space as the agent develops expertise in their pathology. We suggest that TEMP – combined with gently guiding psychological support – can counter canalization. We address questions of whether and when canalization is adaptive versus maladaptive, furnish our model with references to basic and human neuroscience, and offer concrete experiments and measures to test its main hypotheses and implications.
This article is part of the Special Issue on "National Institutes of Health Psilocybin Research Speaker Series".
•The entrenchment of thought or behavior is proposed to be a common factor to psychopathology.•This entrenchment is linked to a historical construct called ‘canalization’.•Canalization is proposed to be a common defensive reaction to adversity.•Biological markers of canalization, and its counteraction, are proposed.
RESUMO: Esta revisão de escopo objetivou mapear os estudos que abordam a Educação Física escolar e sua relação com a saúde no Brasil. Buscou-se por estudos em oito bases de dados eletrônicas que ...avaliaram as ações pedagógicas relacionadas a educação para a saúde na Educação Física escolar. O processo de seleção foi feito por pares independentes. Uma síntese temática foi adotada. De 2.157 títulos, 13 foram incluídos. Eles foram publicados entre 2007 - 2020, representam intervenções nas regiões Sul, Nordeste e Sudeste, com maior número de ações na rede pública. As estratégias de intervenção destacam o trabalho teórico-conceitual que objetiva a mudança comportamental em relação a atividade física. Também, há ações relacionadas ao protagonismo juvenil e comunitário. Destaca-se a necessidade de valorização do professor de Educação Física como mediador do processo educacional e que novos estudos considerem a relação Educação Física e saúde pelo prisma de sua complexidade, mormente, concebendo-a pelo seu caráter pedagógico.
ABSTRACT: This scope review aimed to map the studies approaching School Physical Education and its relation with health in Brazil. We searched in eight digital databases for studies that evaluated pedagogical actions related to education for health in School Physical Education. The selection process was done through independent pairs. We adopted a thematic synthesis. From 2.157 titles, we excluded 13. They were published between 2007 - 2020, representing interventions in the South, Northeast, and Southeast regions of Brazil, with a higher number in the public educational system. The intervention strategies highlight the theoretical-conceptual work that aims a behavioral change regarding physical education. There are also actions related to youth and community protagonism. We highlight the need to value Physical Education teachers as mediators of the educational process and that new studies consider the relation Physical Education and health through its complexity, mainly perceiving it through its pedagogical character.
RESUMEN: Esta revisión de alcance tuvo como objetivo mapear los estudios que abordan la Educación Física escolar y su relación con la salud en Brasil. Se buscaron estudios en ocho bases de datos electrónicas que evaluaron acciones pedagógicas relacionadas con la educación para la salud en la Educación Física escolar. El proceso de selección fue realizado por pares independientes. Se adoptó una síntesis temática. De 2.157 títulos, se incluyeron 13. Fueron publicados entre 2007 - 2020, representan intervenciones en las regiones Sur, Nordeste y Sudeste Brasileras, con mayor número de acciones en la red pública. Las estrategias de intervención destacan el trabajo teórico-conceptual que tiene como objetivo el cambio de comportamiento en relación con la actividad física. También hay acciones relacionadas con el protagonismo juvenil y comunitario. Se destaca la necesidad de valorar al profesor de Educación Física como mediador del proceso educativo y que nuevos estudios consideren la relación Educación Física y salud bajo el prisma de su complejidad, especialmente, concibiéndola a través de su carácter pedagógico.
The prompt production of the charm baryon Λ+c and the Λ+c/D0 production ratios were measured at midrapidity with the ALICE detector in pp and p-Pb collisions at √sNN=5.02 TeV. These new measurements ...show a clear decrease of the Λ+c/D0 ratio with increasing transverse momentum (pT) in both collision systems in the range 2<pT<12 GeV/c, exhibiting similarities with the light-flavor baryon-to-meson ratios p/π and Λ/K0S. At low pT, predictions that include additional color-reconnection mechanisms beyond the leading-color approximation, assume the existence of additional higher-mass charm-baryon states, or include hadronization via coalescence can describe the data, while predictions driven by charm-quark fragmentation processes measured in e+e− and e−p collisions significantly underestimate the data. The results presented in this Letter provide significant evidence that the established assumption of universality (colliding-system independence) of parton-to-hadron fragmentation is not sufficient to describe charm-baryon production in hadronic collisions at LHC energies.
The production cross section of prompt Λc+ charm baryons was measured with the ALICE detector at the LHC at midrapidity in proton-proton (pp) and proton-lead (p-Pb) collisions at a center-of-mass ...energy per nucleon pair of sNN=5.02TeV. The Λc+ and Λ¯c- baryons were reconstructed in the hadronic decay channels Λc+→pK-π+ and Λc+→pKS0 and respective charge conjugates. The measured differential cross sections as a function of transverse momentum (pT) and the pT-integrated Λc+ production cross section in pp and in p-Pb collisions are presented. The Λc+ nuclear modification factor (RpPb), calculated from the cross sections in pp and in p-Pb collisions, is presented and compared with the RpPb of D mesons. The Λc+/D0 ratio is also presented and compared with the light-flavor baryon-to-meson ratios p/π and Λ/KS0, and measurements from other LHC experiments. The results are compared to predictions from model calculations and Monte Carlo event generators.
The study of nuclei and antinuclei production has proven to be a powerful tool to investigate the formation mechanism of loosely bound states in high-energy hadronic collisions. The first measurement ...of the production of HΛ3 in p-Pb collisions at sNN=5.02 TeV is presented in this Letter. Its production yield measured in the rapidity interval -1
The genetic structure in populations of the Chagas' disease vector Triatoma infestans was examined. Comparisons of the levels of genetic variability in populations of this species from areas with ...different periods since last insecticide treatment and from areas that never received treatment were also carried out. A total of 598 insects from 19 populations were typed for 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci. The average observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.186 to 0.625 and from 0.173 to 0.787, respectively. Genetic drift and limited gene flow appear to have generated a substantial degree of genetic differentiation among the populations of T. infestans. Departures from Hardy-Weinberg expectations due to an excess of homozygotes suggested the presence of null alleles and population subdivision. Microgeographical analysis supports the existence of subdivision in T. infestans populations. Levels of genetic diversity in the majority of the populations of T. infestans from insecticide-treated localities were similar or higher than those detected in populations from areas without treatment. Since the populations of T. infestans are subdivided, a population bottleneck would result in independent genetic drift effects that could randomly preserve different combinations of alleles in each subpopulation. These events followed by a rapid population growth could have preserved high levels of genetic diversity. This study supports the hypothesis of vector population recovery from survivors of the insecticide-treated areas and therefore highlights the value of population genetic analyses in assessing the effectiveness of Chagas' disease vector control programmes.
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