This article presents experimental evidence and computed molecular models of a potential interaction between receptor domain D5 of TrkB with the carboxyl-terminal domain of tetanus neurotoxin ...(Hc-TeNT). Computational simulations of a novel small cyclic oligopeptide are designed, synthesized, and tested for possible tetanus neurotoxin-D5 interaction. A hot spot of this protein-protein interaction is identified in analogy to the hitherto known crystal structures of the complex between neurotrophin and D5. Hc-TeNT activates the neurotrophin receptors, as well as its downstream signaling pathways, inducing neuroprotection in different stress cellular models. Based on these premises, we propose the Trk receptor family as potential proteic affinity receptors for TeNT. In vitro, Hc-TeNT binds to a synthetic TrkB-derived peptide and acts similar to an agonist ligand for TrkB, resulting in phosphorylation of the receptor. These properties are weakened by the mutagenesis of three residues of the predicted interaction region in Hc-TeNT. It also competes with Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, a native binder to human TrkB, for the binding to neural membranes, and for uptake in TrkB-positive vesicles. In addition, both molecules are located together in vivo at neuromuscular junctions and in motor neurons.
(1) Background: voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs) are integral membrane proteins that allow the sodium ion flux into the excitable cells and initiate the action potential. They comprise an α ...(Navα) subunit that forms the channel pore and are coupled to one or more auxiliary β (Navβ) subunits that modulate the gating to a variable extent. (2) Methods: after performing homology in silico modeling for all nine isoforms (Nav1.1α to Nav1.9α), the Navα and Navβ protein-protein interaction (PPI) was analyzed chemometrically based on the primary and secondary structures as well as topological or spatial mapping. (3) Results: our findings reveal a unique isoform-specific correspondence between certain segments of the extracellular loops of the Navα subunits. Precisely, loop S5 in domain I forms part of the PPI and assists Navβ1 or Navβ3 on all nine mammalian isoforms. The implied molecular movements resemble macroscopic springs, all of which explains published voltage sensor effects on sodium channel fast inactivation in gating. (4) Conclusions: currently, the specific functions exerted by the Navβ1 or Navβ3 subunits on the modulation of Navα gating remain unknown. Our work determined functional interaction in the extracellular domains on theoretical grounds and we propose a schematic model of the gating mechanism of fast channel sodium current inactivation by educated guessing.
(1) Background: voltage-gated sodium channels (Na
s) are integral membrane proteins that allow the sodium ion flux into the excitable cells and initiate the action potential. They comprise an α (Na
...α) subunit that forms the channel pore and are coupled to one or more auxiliary β (Na
β) subunits that modulate the gating to a variable extent. (2) Methods: after performing homology in silico modeling for all nine isoforms (Na
1.1α to Na
1.9α), the Na
α and Na
β protein-protein interaction (PPI) was analyzed chemometrically based on the primary and secondary structures as well as topological or spatial mapping. (3) Results: our findings reveal a unique isoform-specific correspondence between certain segments of the extracellular loops of the Na
α subunits. Precisely, loop S5 in domain I forms part of the PPI and assists Na
β1 or Na
β3 on all nine mammalian isoforms. The implied molecular movements resemble macroscopic springs, all of which explains published voltage sensor effects on sodium channel fast inactivation in gating. (4) Conclusions: currently, the specific functions exerted by the Na
β1 or Na
β3 subunits on the modulation of Na
α gating remain unknown. Our work determined functional interaction in the extracellular domains on theoretical grounds and we propose a schematic model of the gating mechanism of fast channel sodium current inactivation by educated guessing.
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