We have updated and reviewed toxicity data for Emamectin benzoate (EMB) and Ivermectin (IVER), two in-feed drugs used to treat sea lice in farmed Atlantic salmon, and inferred new Environmental ...Quality Standards (EQS) using a deterministic approach or Species Sensitivity Distributions (SSDs) based on available data. We used a SSD model averaging approach and inferred a water acute EQS value of 24.9 ng/L (SSD) for EMB, while previously established chronic water EQS of 0.17 ng/L and sediment benthic EQS of 131 ng/kg dry weight remained unchanged. For IVER, both a water acute EQS of 8.04 ng/L and a chronic water EQS of 3.98 ng/L were inferred using SSDs as well as a benthic EQS of 290 ng/kg dry weight using a deterministic approach. In light of the lack of solubility and tendency of both avermectins to sorb to material benthic EQSs remain the most relevant value to consider for regulators.
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•Emamectin benzoate and ivermectin are drugs used to treat sea lice infestations in farmed Atlantic.•Both lethal and sublethal toxicity data were updated for both drugs.•Species sensitivity distributions were constructed for these two drugs when feasible.•Thresholds were derived for both water and benthic exposures.
Several trace-elements have been identified as indicators of finfish aquaculture organic enrichment. In this study, sediment sampling at finfish farms was completed as part of an Aquaculture ...Monitoring Program in three distinct Canadian regions. Despite diverse datasets, multivariate analyses show a consistent clustering of known direct (Cu and Zn) and indirect (Cd, Mo and U) tracers of aquaculture activities with sediment organic matter (OM) and/or total dissolved sulfides concentrations. OM content was also a predictor of Cu, Zn, Mo and U concentrations according to decision tree analyses. Distance from cages did not emerge as a strong driver of differences among sampling points; however, a tendency towards negative associations is clear especially for Zn. Enriched stations as determined after geochemical normalization were mostly localized within 150 m of net-pens. Selected trace-elements (in particular Zn) can be useful indicators of aquaculture organic enrichment in different ecosystems and valuable tools for monitoring programs.
•Sediment sampling at finfish farms was completed in three distinct Canadian regions.•Multivariate analyses show a clustering of Cu, Zn, Cd, Mo and U with sediment organic matter and/or total dissolved sulfides.•Organic matter content is a predictor of Cu, Zn, Mo and U concentrations as per decision tree analyses.•Enriched stations in selected trace-metals were localized within 150 m of net-pens.•Selected trace-elements (in particular Zn) are useful indicators of aquaculture organic enrichment.
Abstract Objective: To determine whether the St Vincent declaration (1989) target of diabetic pregnancy outcome approximating non-diabetic pregnancy outcome is near to being achieved. Design: ...Prospective collection of population based information on pregnancies in women with diabetes from all participating hospitals. Setting: District general and teaching hospitals of the former Northern region. Subjects: 111 diabetic women booking with pregnancy during 1 January to 31 December 1994. Main outcome measures: Diabetic control, perinatal mortality rate, fetal abnormality rate. Results: The perinatal mortality rate was 48/1000 for diabetic pregnancies compared with 8.9/1000 for the background population (odds ratio 5.38; 95% confidence interval 2.27 to 12.70) and the neonatal mortality rate was 59/1000 compared with 3.9/1000 (15.0; 6.77 to 33.10). Two late neonatal deaths were due to congenital heart defects. Six per cent of all fetal losses (6/109 cases) were due to major malformations. The congenital malformation rate was 83/1000 compared with 21.3/1000 (3.76; 2.00 to 7.06) in the background population. Conclusion: Diabetic pregnancy remains a high risk state with perinatal mortality and fetal malformation rates much higher than in the background population. Key messages Though diabetic women who plan their pregnancies receive prepregnancy advice, most have poor diabetic control at conception In diabetic pregnancies the perinatal mortality rate is five times higher, the neonatal mortality rate 15 times higher, and the congenital malformation rate four times higher than in the background population There is a substantial excess of premature births in diabetic pregnancies The outcome of diabetic pregnancy remains poor; better uptake of preconceptional care may improve outcome
An accessible and comprehensive guide to the philosophy of sport Each chapter is framed by a question that explores the main issues, ideas and literature in the field ranging from questions about the ...nature and value of sport, the sporting body, aesthetics and ethics. Students are given the opportunity to consider significant debates in the philosophy of sport and each chapter is supplemented by independent study questions. Each section also contains short insightful interviews with eminent scholars in order to give a broader understanding of the history and development of the subject. The main themes covered within this text include: the nature of sport; sport and the body; aesthetics and the aesthetic value of sport; a consideration of fair play, rules and the ethos of sport; the nature of competition; the application and effect of technology on sport and introductions to contemporary ethical issues such as doping, violence, disability, patriotism, elitism and sexual equality, as well as a broader reflection on the connection between sport and moral development.
This article considers the social construction of mental toughness in line with prevailing social attitudes towards success and dominance in elite sport. Critical attention is drawn to the research ...literature which has sought to conceptualise mental toughness and the idealistic rhetoric and metaphor with which it has done so. The concept of mental toughness currently reflects an elitist ideal, constructed along the lines of the romantic narrative of the 'Hollywood hero' athlete. In contrast, the mental and moral virtues which should form the basis of mental toughness are often neglected when an athlete 'fails'. Currently, mental toughness exists as a characteristic used to describe successful athletes and is only applied in hindsight. Finally, we recommend that the morally problematic association of mental toughness (within the media, society, and the research community) with ultimate success needs to be removed in order to rescue the concept from the elitist discourses which currently surround and suffocate it.
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