The reaction of a solution of B(C6F4H)3 and either iPr3P or tBu3P with CO2 afforded the species R3P(CO2)B(C6F4H)3 (R=iPr (1), tBu (2)). In a similar fashion the boranes, RB(C6F5)2 (R=hexyl, ...cyclohexyl (Cy), norbornyl), ClB(C6F5)2, or PhB(C6F5)2 were combined with tBu3P and CO2 to give the species tBu3P(CO2)BR(C6F5)2 (R=hexyl (3), Cy (4), norbornyl (5), Cl (6), Ph (7)). Similarly, the compounds tBu3PHRBH(C6F5)2 (R=hexyl (8), Cy (9), norbornyl (10)) were prepared by reaction of the precursor frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) with H2. Subsequent reactions of 9 and 10 with CO2 afforded the species ((C6F5)2BR)2(μ‐HCO2)tBu3PH (R=Cy (11), norbornyl (12)). In related chemistry, combinations of the boranes RB(C6F5)2 (R=hexyl, Cy, norbornyl) with tBu3P treated with an equivalent of formic acid gave (C6F5)2BR(HCO2)tBu3PH (R=hexyl (13), Cy (14), norbornyl (15)). Subsequent addition of an additional equivalent of borane provides a second synthetic route to 11 and 12. Crystallographic studies of compounds 2–6 and 8–14 are reported and discussed. Further understanding of the FLP complexation and activation of CO2 is provided by computational studies.
No need for frustration: A series of different phosphine/borane frustrated Lewis pairs as well as their corresponding salts was synthesized in the presence of CO2 (see figure for an example; R=C and norbornyl). The complexation and activation of CO2 in these compounds was investigated by X‐ray crystallography and computational studies.
: Following Ohlson (2001) we characterize a variable that represents the ‘other information’ term in the Ohlson (1995 and 2001) framework using the security return specification. We interpret this ...variable as capturing the market's expectation that earnings change will persist into the future. This expectation can be measured using data that is readily available to capital markets researchers: future forecasts of earnings and realized accounting earnings. We show in a returns context that expectations for accelerating (decelerating) earnings growth are rewarded (discounted) by the market. While omitting other information may not be important in a reasonably long window such as a year, it becomes crucial in a shorter window. Even in the annual window, the inclusion of the earnings change persistence variable significantly improves explanatory power of the Ohlson model for returns. Finally, we offer evidence that the association of returns with earnings levels and changes observed in annual windows is robust to the quarterly time frame and we establish that the proper specification for quarterly earnings change is consecutive, not seasonal.
Using improved methodology and an expanded research design, we examine whether the small firm/January effect (Keim, D. B. (1983). Size-related anomalies and stock return seasonality: further ...empirical evidence.
Journal of Financial Economics 12:13–32), is declining over time due to market efficiency. First, we find that January returns are smaller after 1963–1979, but have simply reverted to levels that existed before that time. Second, we show that the January effect is not limited to mature markets but also appears in firms trading on the relatively new NASDAQ exchange in the 1970s. Third, trading volume for small firms in December and January is not different from other months, implying that traders are not actively arbitraging the anomaly. Together, our results suggest that this anomaly continues to defy rational explanation in an efficient market.
This study investigates intraday relations between price changes and trading volume of options and stocks for a sample of firms whose options traded on the CBOE during the first quarter of 1986. ...After purging the price change series of the effects of bid/ask spreads, multivariate time-series analysis is used to estimate the lead/lag relation between the price changes in the option and stock markets. The results indicate that price changes in the stock market lead the option market by as much as fifteen minutes. The analysis of trading volume indicates that the stock market lead may be even longer.
The already established and widely used intravenous application of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator as a re-opening strategy for acute vessel occlusion in ischemic stroke was recently added ...by mechanical thrombectomy, representing a fundamental progress in evidence-based medicine to improve the patient's outcome. This has been paralleled by a swift increase in our understanding of pathomechanisms underlying many neurovascular diseases and most prevalent forms of dementia. Taken together, these current advances offer the potential to overcome almost two decades of marginally successful translational research on stroke and dementia, thereby spurring the entire field of translational neuroscience. Moreover, they may also pave the way for the renaissance of classical neuroprotective paradigms.This review reports and summarizes some of the most interesting and promising recent achievements in neurovascular and dementia research. It highlights sessions from the 9th International Symposium on Neuroprotection and Neurorepair that have been discussed from April 19th to 22nd in Leipzig, Germany. To acknowledge the emerging culture of interdisciplinary collaboration and research, special emphasis is given on translational stories ranging from fundamental research on neurode- and -regeneration to late stage translational or early stage clinical investigations.
Abstract
The reaction of a solution of B(C
6
F
4
H)
3
and either
i
Pr
3
P or
t
Bu
3
P with CO
2
afforded the species R
3
P(CO
2
)B(C
6
F
4
H)
3
(R=
i
Pr (
1
),
t
Bu (
2
)). In a similar fashion the ...boranes, RB(C
6
F
5
)
2
(R=hexyl, cyclohexyl (Cy), norbornyl), ClB(C
6
F
5
)
2
, or PhB(C
6
F
5
)
2
were combined with
t
Bu
3
P and CO
2
to give the species
t
Bu
3
P(CO
2
)BR(C
6
F
5
)
2
(R=hexyl (
3
), Cy (
4
), norbornyl (
5
), Cl (
6
), Ph (
7
)). Similarly, the compounds
t
Bu
3
PHRBH(C
6
F
5
)
2
(R=hexyl (
8
), Cy (
9
), norbornyl (
10
)) were prepared by reaction of the precursor frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) with H
2
. Subsequent reactions of
9
and
10
with CO
2
afforded the species ((C
6
F
5
)
2
BR)
2
(μ‐HCO
2
)
t
Bu
3
PH (R=Cy (
11
), norbornyl (
12
)). In related chemistry, combinations of the boranes RB(C
6
F
5
)
2
(R=hexyl, Cy, norbornyl) with
t
Bu
3
P treated with an equivalent of formic acid gave (C
6
F
5
)
2
BR(HCO
2
)
t
Bu
3
PH (R=hexyl (
13
), Cy (
14
), norbornyl (
15
)). Subsequent addition of an additional equivalent of borane provides a second synthetic route to
11
and
12
. Crystallographic studies of compounds
2
–
6
and
8
–
14
are reported and discussed. Further understanding of the FLP complexation and activation of CO
2
is provided by computational studies.
Occurrence, sources, and fate of trichloroacetic acid in Swiss waters Muller, S.R. (Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Dubendorf, Switzerland.); Zweifel, H.R; Kinnison, D.J ...
Environmental toxicology and chemistry,
September 1996, Volume:
15, Issue:
9
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The occurrence, sources, and fate of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) has been investigated in surface waters, ground waters, drinking waters, wastewaters, and rainwater in Switzerland. The concentrations ...found in surface waters varied between less than 27 ng/L (limit of quantification) and 340 ng/L, whereas the concentrations in ground water were always below 27 ng/L. It was found that the main sources of TCA in surface waters were the effluents of wastewater treatment plants (average concentration, 430 ng/L; range, 40-1060 ng/L). The average TCA concentration in rainwater was 300 ng/L range, ( 27-900 ng/L). A dynamic mathematical model revealed that TCA is not significantly degraded in a lake (half-life 230 d). A detailed mass balance in the catchment area of a small lake (Greifensee) and a very rough mass balance over Switzerland indicate that rain is the major source of TCA in Switzerland ( 90%), but they also show that about 60 to 80% of the TCA deposited by rain is eliminated, most probably in the soil
Power and Influence of Economists Jens Maesse, Stephan Pühringer, Thierry Rossier, Pierre Benz / Jens Maesse, Stephan Pühringer, Thierry Rossier, Pierre Benz
2022, 20210523, 2021, 2021-05-23
eBook
Open access
Economists occupy leading positions in many different sectors including central and private banks, multinational corporations, the state and the media, as well as serving as policy consultants on ...everything from health to the environment and security. Power and Influence of Economists explores the interconnected relationship between power, knowledge and influence which has led economics to be both a source and beneficiary of widespread power and influence. The contributors to this book explore the complex and diverse methods and channels that economists have used to exert and expand their influence from different disciplinary and national perspectives. Four different analytical views on the role of power and economics are taken: first, the role of economic expert discourses as power devices for the formation of influential expertise; second, the logics and modalities of governmentality that produce power/knowledge apparatuses between science and society; third, economists as involved in networks between academia, politics and the media; and forth, economics considered as a social field, including questions of legitimacy and unequal relations between economists based on the detention of various capitals. The volume includes case studies on a variety of national configurations of economics, such as the US, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Greece, Mexico and Brazil, as well as international spaces and organisations such as the IMF. This book provides innovative research perspectives for students and scholars of heterodox economics, cultural political economy, sociology of professions, network studies, and the social studies of power, discourse and knowledge.
Tailored light sources have greatly advanced technological and scientific progress by optimizing the emission spectrum or color and the emission characteristics. We demonstrate an efficient ...spectrally broadband and highly directional warm-white-light emitter based on a nonlinear process driven by a cheap, low-power continuous-wave infrared laser diode. The nonlinear medium is a specially designed amorphous material composed of symmetry-free, diamondoid-like cluster molecules that are readily obtained from ubiquitous resources. The visible part of the spectrum resembles the color of a tungsten-halogen lamp at 2900 kelvin while retaining the superior beam divergence of the driving laser. This approach of functionalizing energy-efficient state-of-the-art semiconductor lasers enables a technology complementary to light-emitting diodes for replacing incandescent white-light emitters in high-brilliance applications.
Astrocytes represent central regulators of brain glucose metabolism and neuronal function. They have recently been shown to adapt their function in response to alterations in nutritional state ...through responding to the energy state-sensing hormones leptin and insulin. Here, we demonstrate that glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 inhibits glucose uptake and promotes β-oxidation in cultured astrocytes. Conversely, postnatal GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) deletion in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-expressing astrocytes impairs astrocyte mitochondrial integrity and activates an integrated stress response with enhanced fibroblast growth factor (FGF)21 production and increased brain glucose uptake. Accordingly, central neutralization of FGF21 or astrocyte-specific FGF21 inactivation abrogates the improvements in glucose tolerance and learning in mice lacking GLP-1R expression in astrocytes. Collectively, these experiments reveal a role for astrocyte GLP-1R signaling in maintaining mitochondrial integrity, and lack of GLP-1R signaling mounts an adaptive stress response resulting in an improvement of systemic glucose homeostasis and memory formation.
Display omitted
•GLP-1 inhibits glucose uptake and promotes β-oxidation in cultured astrocytes•Lack of astrocyte GLP-1R in vivo activates a stress response and increases FGF21•Adaptations to astrocyte GLP-1R deletion improve glucose metabolism and memory
Astrocytes regulate brain glucose metabolism and neuronal function. Timper et al. describe a role for astrocyte GLP-1R signaling in maintaining mitochondrial integrity and demonstrate that lack of astrocyte GLP-1R signaling mounts an adaptive stress response to increase astrocyte FGF21 expression resulting in an improvement of systemic glucose homeostasis and memory formation.
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