10Cycloparaphenylene (10CPP) was selectively synthesized in four steps in 13% overall yield from commercially available 4,4′-diiodobiphenyl by using mono-I–Sn exchange, Sn–Pt transmetalation, I–Pd ...exchange, and subsequent oxidative coupling reactions. The single-crystal X-ray structure of 10CPP is described.
The interfaces formed between pentacene (PEN) and perfluoropentacene (PFP) molecules and Cu(111) were studied using photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray standing wave (XSW), and scanning tunneling ...microscopy measurements, in conjunction with theoretical modeling. The average carbon bonding distances for PEN and PFP differ strongly, that is, 2.34 Å for PEN versus 2.98 Å for PFP. An adsorption-induced nonplanar conformation of PFP is suggested by XSW (F atoms 0.1 Å above the carbon plane), which causes an intramolecular dipole of ∼0.5 D. These observations explain why the hole injection barriers at both molecule/metal interfaces are comparable (1.10 eV for PEN and 1.35 eV for PFP) whereas the molecular ionization energies differ significantly (5.00 eV for PEN and 5.85 eV for PFP). Our results show that the hypothesis of charge injection barrier tuning at organic/metal interfaces by adjusting the ionization energy of molecules is not always readily applicable.
Although international interest in classifying subject health status according to adiposity is increasing, no accepted published ranges of percentage body fat currently exist. Empirically identified ...limits, population percentiles, and z scores have all been suggested as means of setting percentage body fat guidelines, although each has major limitations.
The aim of this study was to examine a potential new approach for developing percentage body fat ranges. The approach taken was to link healthy body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) guidelines established by the National Institutes of Health and the World Health Organization with predicted percentage body fat.
Body fat was measured in subjects from 3 ethnic groups (white, African American, and Asian) who were screened and evaluated at 3 universities Cambridge (United Kingdom), Columbia (United States), and Jikei (Japan) with use of reference body-composition methods 4-compartment model (4C) at 2 laboratories and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at all 3 laboratories. Percentage body fat prediction equations were developed based on BMI and other independent variables.
A convenient sample of 1626 adults with BMIs < or =35 was evaluated. Independent percentage body fat predictor variables in multiple regression models included 1/BMI, sex, age, and ethnic group (R: values from 0.74 to 0.92 and SEEs from 2.8 to 5.4% fat). The prediction formulas were then used to prepare provisional healthy percentage body fat ranges based on published BMI limits for underweight (<18.5), overweight (> or =25), and obesity (> or =30).
This proposed approach and initial findings provide the groundwork and stimulus for establishing international healthy body fat ranges.
7Li and 27Al MAS-NMR, magnetic susceptibility, and complex impedance measurements have been performed to study the local structure and electrical resistivity in Al doped spinel LiMn2−xAlxO4 (x = 0, ...0.05) exposed to a ball-milling process. The milling process decreased the effective magnetic moment of the Mn species, arising from the appearance of Mn4+, and lead to the suppression of the antiferromagnetic correlation. A hopping time and an activation energy for hopping charge carrier, estimated from electrical resistivity, relatively became larger above milling time of 2.5 h. 7Li and 27Al MAS-NMR spectra were dependent on milling time, and changes in the spectrum intensities were related to the distribution of Al/Li site occupation. Consequently, we concluded that structural disorder caused by the moderate milling process stimulated a migration of Al3+ ions from the 8a site to the 16d one and the increase of Li+ ions at the 8a site on the diffusion pathway. Such a mutual site migration between the 8a and 16d site for Li+ and Al3+ ions would be favorable to Li+ ion diffusion in the milled samples.
•A milling process affected magnetic and electric properties in Al substituted LiMn2O4.•Structural disorder caused by the moderate milling process stimulated a migration of Al3+ ions.•A mutual site migration between different sites for Li+/Al3+ ions was caused by milling.
Intensive use of a few elite sires has increased the risk of the manifestation of deleterious recessive traits in cattle. Substantial genotyping data gathered using single-nucleotide polymorphism ...(SNP) arrays have identified the haplotypes with homozygous deficiency, which may compromise survival. We developed Japanese Black cattle haplotypes (JBHs) using SNP array data (4843 individuals) and identified deleterious recessive haplotypes using exome sequencing of 517 sires. We identified seven JBHs with homozygous deficiency. JBH_10 and JBH_17 were associated with the resuming of estrus after artificial insemination, indicating that these haplotypes carried deleterious mutations affecting embryonic survival. The exome data of 517 Japanese Black sires revealed that AC_000165.1:g.85341291C>G of IARS in JBH_8_2, AC_000174.1:g.74743512G>T of CDC45 in JBH_17, and a copy variation region (CNVR_27) of CLDN16 in JBH_1_1 and JBH_1_2 were the candidate mutations. A novel variant AC_000174.1:g.74743512G>T of CDC45 in JBH_17 was located in a splicing donor site at a distance of 5 bp, affecting pre-mRNA splicing. Mating between heterozygotes of JBH_17 indicated that homozygotes carrying the risk allele died around the blastocyst stage. Analysis of frequency of the CDC45 risk allele revealed that its carriers were widespread throughout the tested Japanese Black cattle population. Our approach can effectively manage the inheritance of recessive risk alleles in a breeding population.
Recessive missense mutation in the solute carrier family 12, member 1 (SLC12A1) gene (g.62382825G>A) is associated with hydrallantois, which is the accumulation of fluid in the allantoic cavity of a ...pregnant animal, and usually causes fetal death in Japanese Black cattle. However, the symptoms of a homozygote with this mutation that do not result in fetal death have not previously been tracked and evaluated. In the present study, we observed a homozygote with the SLC12A1 risk allele over a long‐term period. The calf did not show any obvious clinical symptoms, although it did exhibit a slight growth retardation that accompanied mild calciuria. At 28 months of age, the homozygote showed renal dysfunction, which in turn resulted in hydronephrosis. The time course of the symptoms was consistent with the phenotype of Bartter syndrome in humans. Additionally, the risk heterozygous genotype did not any effects on carcass traits, which indicates that eliminating the risk allele would not have any unfavorable effects. Therefore, we emphasize that both the fetal‐ and late‐stage symptoms associated with the SLC12A1 risk allele compromise animal welfare, and consequently may result in severe economic losses for individual farmers if the SLC12A1 risk allele is not eliminated from the population.
Objective: We examined the association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) markers and fasting serum immunoreactive insulin (FIRI) and urinary albumin excretion (UAE). Subjects and ...methods: This study comprised Periods I and II from January 2007 to May 2009, and from June 2009 to December 2011, respectively. After excluding people with ethanol intake ≥210 g/week in men and ≥140 g/week in women, 961 people (613 men, 348 women; mean age: 44 years) were included. We evaluated the fatty liver using ultrasonography score (FLUS) and measured liver enzymes. Results: The mean observation period was 25 ± 9 months. We stratified people into two groups by fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in Period I. The cutoff point between the lower FPG and higher FPG was 100 mg/dL. In regression analysis, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (p < 0.001), FLUS (p < 0.001) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) (p = 0.022) in Period I were independently associated with FIRI in Period II, whereas in all participants FPG was not. ALT (p < 0.001) and GGTP (p = 0.001) were also independently associated with UAE in people with FPG < 100 mg/dL in Period II. Conclusions: Some NAFLD markers were associated with FIRI and UAE independently of fasting plasma glucose.
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to test whether the fractional change in the endocardial border length between end-diastole and end-systole as manually traced in left ventricular ejection ...fraction (LVEF) measurement using the biplane method of disks (MOD) was consistent with the global longitudinal strain derived from speckle-tracking echocardiography.
Methods
For 105 patients who underwent echocardiography, two- and four-chamber images with manually traced endocardial lines for LVEF measurement by MOD were stored. LV endocardial lengths at end-diastole and at end-systole were measured on both images to calculate the fractional length changes, which were averaged (GLS
MOD
). Speckle-tracking analysis was performed to measure global longitudinal strains in the apical two- and four-chamber and long-axis images, and the three values were averaged (GLS
STE
) according to the ASE and EACVI guidelines.
Results
There was no significant difference between GLS
MOD
and GLS
STE
. GLS
MOD
correlated well with GLS
STE
(
r
= 0.81,
p
< 0.001), and there was no fixed bias in the Bland–Altman analysis. The intraclass correlations for the intra- and inter-observer comparisons for GLS
STE
were excellent, and those for GLS
MOD
were adequate.
Conclusion
The fractional LV endocardial border length change, GLS
MOD
, showed sufficient agreement with GLS
STE
to justify its use as a substitute for the STE-derived global longitudinal strain.
Hydrallantois is the excessive accumulation of fluid in the allantoic cavity in a pregnant animal and is associated with fetal death. We recently identified a recessive missense mutation in the ...solute carrier family 12, member 1 (SLC12A1) gene (g.62382825G>A, p.Pro372Leu) that is associated with hydrallantois in Japanese Black cattle. Unexpectedly, we found a case of the homozygous risk‐allele for SLC12A1 in a calf, using a PCR‐based direct DNA sequencing test. The homozygote was outwardly healthy up to 3 months of age and the mother did not exhibit any clinical symptoms of hydrallantois. In order to validate these observations, we performed confirmation tests for the genotype and a diuretic loading test using furosemide, which inhibits the transporter activity of the SLC12A1 protein. The results showed that the calf was really homozygous for the risk‐allele. In the homozygous calf, administration of furosemide did not alter urinary Na+ or Cl− levels, in contrast to the heterozygote and wild‐type calves in which these were significantly increased. These results demonstrate that the SLC12A1 (g.62382825G>A, p.Pro372Leu) is a hypomorphic or loss‐of‐function mutation and the hydrallantois with this mutation shows incomplete penetrance in Japanese Black cattle.
Highlights • We examined the Japanese Diabetes Risk Score (JPDRISC) and fatty liver markers. • We modified the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score to create the JPDRISC. • Fatty liver markers are not ...included in the FINDRISC that is widely used. • Both the total JPDRISC and ultrasonographic findings of fatty liver were independently associated with incident diabetes. • Ultrasonographic findings of fatty liver are useful to improve the sensitivity in screening for incident diabetes.
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