Code-switching is one of sociolinguitics phenomenon when a a speaker of bilingual or multilingual switch from a language to another one. The research aims to figure out types of teacher’ ...code-switching in the teaching and learning process in English class. The study applied a case study of qualitative descriptive research. The participant of the research was an English teacher at a state Islamic school in Sumedang. Observation and interview were used to collect the research data, and the data were analyzed based on code-switching theory proposed by Poplack (1980). The study revealed that (1) teacher applied three types of code switching, namely: intrasentential code switching, inter-sentential code switching, and tag switching; (2) the most frequently used types of code switching used was intrasentential code switching followed by inter sentential code switching and tag switching. Code switching is used by the teacher to reduce either students' misunderstanding of the lesson or their difficulty understanding the English lesson offered by the English teachers in the classroom
Abstract
Introduction
Expert opinions presented in legal proceedings should be scientifically accountable, which is known as evidence-based practice (EBP). Although forensic medical expert opinions ...are essential in legal proceedings, the methods used to formulate them are not always evidence based or based on standard methods. In forensic medicine, EBP has not been explicitly applied, including in Indonesia. One potential approach to formulate evidence-based expert opinions is called INtegration of Forensic Epidemiology and the Rigorous EvaluatioN of Causation Elements (INFERENCE). In addition, there is also no universal guideline for making forensic pathological reports. One prospective guideline is named the Principles of Evidence-based Reporting in FORensic Medicine-Pathology version (PERFORM-P).
Methods
This article describes the validation process of INFERENCE and PERFORM-P in Indonesia. This study uses a mixed method through three interrelated phases, i.e., (1) a cross-sectional survey to determine the characteristics of Indonesian forensic doctors and their current practice, (2) the adaptation and validation process of the two tools through a review by the Indonesian College of Forensic Medicine, and (3) a one-group pre–postintervention study to assess the validity and reliability of forensic medical expert opinions formulated using Indonesian-INFERENCE (i-INFERENCE) and reported using Indonesian-PERFORM-P (i-PERFORM-P).
Results and Discussion
In general, both tools received a positive reception and can potentially be used in the Indonesian setting with some additions/clarifications in the user manuals. Participants envision that both tools will be most useful in complex cases.
Conclusions
By obtaining the i-INFERENCE and the i-PERFORM-P, it is hoped that Indonesian forensic medical doctors are better equipped in analyzing and reporting complex cases, and the implementation of EBP can be improved.
This study aims to determine the "Effect of Work Discipline and Communication Services Organization against rice distribution to the poor in the district of Tangerang City Batuceper. For variable ...research is a discipline of work (X1), organizational communication (X2) and service distribution of rice for the poor employees (Y). The method used is quantitative method with associative kind that explains the relationship between independent variables and the dependent variable. Survey conducted on 102 employees in the district of Tangerang City Batuceper sampled from the total number of employees 115 people and literature as empirical studies support material. Hypothesis testing is done through the use of data processing package SPSS for Windows version 2013 statitisk correlation analysis method, determination coefficient and linear regression. As for the validity of the instrument is carried out through the test of validity, realibitas, normality and linearity data. Based on the analysis, the relationship of labor discipline (X1) with rice distribution services for the poor employees of rX1Y = 0.281 with a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.079 with a regression equation Y = 56 180 + 0,263X1 while communication organization (X2) on rice distribution services for poor (Y) of rX2Y = 0.289 with a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.83 with a regression equation Y = 57.217 + 0,248X2. The relationship between the discipline of work and communication organizations jointly positive effect of increasing the rice distribution services for the poor (Y) in the district of Kota Tangerangdengan Batuceper low leverage levels. This is evident from the results of calculation of correlation coefficient = 0.360 rX1X2Y that produce value determination coefficient of 0.1298, which means that the variation can be explained by the variable Y X1 for 12.98% and it is predicted through linear regression line equation y = 45.584 + 0,208X1 + 0,200X2. The conclusion of this study is evidence of the influence of labor discipline and organizational communication to service of distributing the rice to the poor clerk in Kecamatn Batuceper Tangerang City, so it is suggested the need for the application of the system of rewards and pusnihment, in order to consider the condition of the organization's communication of employees through their indicators, namely: the need for achievement, need for power and the need for affiliation, and to optimize the results of their research to be pursued further research, especially on variable epsilon
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