The process of cellular differentiation requires the distinct spatial organization of the microtubule cytoskeleton, the arrangement of which is specific to cell type. Microtubule patterning does not ...occur randomly, but is imparted by distinct subcellular sites called microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs). Since the discovery of MTOCs fifty years ago, their study has largely focused on the centrosome. All animal cells use centrosomes as MTOCs during mitosis. However in many differentiated cells, MTOC function is reassigned to non-centrosomal sites to generate non-radial microtubule organization better suited for new cell functions, such as mechanical support or intracellular transport. Here, we review the current understanding of non-centrosomal MTOCs (ncMTOCs) and the mechanisms by which they form in differentiating animal cells.
There are four known sources of dust in the inner solar system: Jupiter Family comets, asteroids, Halley Type comets, and Oort Cloud comets. Here we combine the mass, velocity, and radiant ...distributions of these cosmic dust populations from an astronomical model with a chemical ablation model to estimate the injection rates of Na and Fe into the Earth's upper atmosphere, as well as the flux of cosmic spherules to the surface. Comparing these parameters to lidar observations of the vertical Na and Fe fluxes above 87.5 km, and the measured cosmic spherule accretion rate at South Pole, shows that Jupiter Family Comets contribute (80 ± 17)% of the total input mass (43 ± 14 t d−1), in good accord with Cosmic Background Explorer and Planck observations of the zodiacal cloud.
Plain Language Summary
The solar system contains a significant quantity of cosmic dust. This is generated from comets when they orbit close to the sun and evaporate, and also from collisions between asteroids in the region between Mars and Jupiter. The amount of cosmic dust which enters the Earth's atmosphere every day is highly uncertain, ranging from 5 to 270 tonnes. This study combines an astronomical model of dust in the solar system with a model describing the fate of dust particles when they enter the atmosphere at high speed. The dust input is then constrained with three observations: the rate of injection of sodium atoms into the upper atmosphere where some of this dust evaporates; the rate of injection of iron atoms; and the rate of accumulation of cosmic spherules (meteorites that melted during atmospheric entry) at the South Pole. The conclusion is that about 80% of the dust comes from comets with short orbital periods (less than 20 years), and the daily input is between 29 and 57 tonnes.
Key Points
Solar system dust sources are fitted to the cosmic spherule accretion rate and the Na and Fe fluxes in the mesosphere
Jupiter Family Comets provide ~80% of the cosmic dust entering the atmosphere, with 12% from long‐period comets and 8% from asteroids
The resulting differential ablation of Ca and Fe relative to Na explains the relative abundances of these metal layers in the mesosphere
Twisted bilayer graphene (TBLG) is one of the simplest van der Waals heterostructures, yet it yields a complex electronic system with intricate interplay between moiré physics and interlayer ...hybridization effects. We report on electronic transport measurements of high mobility small angle TBLG devices showing clear evidence for insulating states at the superlattice band edges, with thermal activation gaps several times larger than theoretically predicted. Moreover, Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations and tight binding calculations reveal that the band structure consists of two intersecting Fermi contours whose crossing points are effectively unhybridized. We attribute this to exponentially suppressed interlayer hopping amplitudes for momentum transfers larger than the moiré wave vector.
Accumulation of activated immune cells results in nonspecific hepatocyte killing in chronic hepatitis B (CHB), leading to fibrosis and cirrhosis. This study aims to understand the underlying ...mechanisms in humans and to define whether these are driven by widespread activation or a subpopulation of immune cells. We enrolled CHB patients with active liver damage to receive antiviral therapy and performed longitudinal liver sampling using fine-needle aspiration to investigate mechanisms of CHB pathogenesis in the human liver. Single-cell sequencing of total liver cells revealed a distinct liver-resident, polyclonal CD8+ T cell population that was enriched at baseline and displayed a highly activated immune signature during liver damage. Cytokine combinations, identified by in silico prediction of ligand-receptor interaction, induced the activated phenotype in healthy liver CD8+ T cells, resulting in nonspecific Fas ligand-mediated killing of target cells. These results define a CD8+ T cell population in the human liver that can drive pathogenesis and a key pathway involved in their function in CHB patients.
We present combined in situ X-ray diffraction and high-speed imaging to monitor the phase evolution upon cyclic rapid laser heating and cooling mimicking the direct energy deposition of Ti-6Al-4V in ...real time. Additive manufacturing of the industrially relevant alloy Ti-6Al-4V is known to create a multitude of phases and microstructures depending on processing technology and parameters. Current setups are limited by an averaged measurement through the solid and liquid parts. In this work the combination of a micro-focused intense X-ray beam, a fast detector and unidirectional cooling provide the spatial and temporal resolution to separate contributions from solid and liquid phases in limited volumes. Upon rapid heating and cooling, the β ↔ α' phase transformation is observed repeatedly. At room temperature, single phase α' is observed. Secondary β-formation upon formation of α' is attributed to V partitioning to the β-phase leading to temporary stabilization. Lattice strains in the α'-phase are found to be sensitive to the α' → β phase transformation. Based on lattice strain of the β-phase, the martensite start temperature is estimated at 923 K in these experiments. Off-axis high speed imaging confirms a technically relevant solidification front velocity and cooling rate of 10.3 mm/s and 4500 K/s, respectively.
Dry EEG electrodes Lopez-Gordo, M A; Sanchez-Morillo, D; Pelayo Valle, F
Sensors,
07/2014, Volume:
14, Issue:
7
Journal Article, Book Review
Peer reviewed
Open access
Electroencephalography (EEG) emerged in the second decade of the 20th century as a technique for recording the neurophysiological response. Since then, there has been little variation in the physical ...principles that sustain the signal acquisition probes, otherwise called electrodes. Currently, new advances in technology have brought new unexpected fields of applications apart from the clinical, for which new aspects such as usability and gel-free operation are first order priorities. Thanks to new advances in materials and integrated electronic systems technologies, a new generation of dry electrodes has been developed to fulfill the need. In this manuscript, we review current approaches to develop dry EEG electrodes for clinical and other applications, including information about measurement methods and evaluation reports. We conclude that, although a broad and non-homogeneous diversity of approaches has been evaluated without a consensus in procedures and methodology, their performances are not far from those obtained with wet electrodes, which are considered the gold standard, thus enabling the former to be a useful tool in a variety of novel applications.
van der Waals heterostructures constitute a new class of artificial materials formed by stacking atomically thin planar crystals. We demonstrated band structure engineering in a van der Waals ...heterostructure composed of a monolayer graphene flake coupled to a rotationally aligned hexagonal boron nitride substrate. The spatially varying interlayer atomic registry results in both a local breaking of the carbon sublattice symmetry and a long-range moiré superlattice potential in the graphene. In our samples, this interplay between short-and long-wavelength effects resulted in a band structure described by isolated superlattice minibands and an unexpectedly large band gap at charge neutrality. This picture is confirmed by our observation of fractional quantum Hall states at ±5/3 filling and features associated with the Hofstadter butterfly at ultrahigh magnetic fields.
Since its commercial introduction three-quarters of a century ago, fluid catalytic cracking has been one of the most important conversion processes in the petroleum industry. In this process, porous ...composites composed of zeolite and clay crack the heavy fractions in crude oil into transportation fuel and petrochemical feedstocks. Yet, over time the catalytic activity of these composite particles decreases. Here, we report on ptychographic tomography, diffraction, and fluorescence tomography, as well as electron microscopy measurements, which elucidate the structural changes that lead to catalyst deactivation. In combination, these measurements reveal zeolite amorphization and distinct structural changes on the particle exterior as the driving forces behind catalyst deactivation. Amorphization of zeolites, in particular, close to the particle exterior, results in a reduction of catalytic capacity. A concretion of the outermost particle layer into a dense amorphous silica-alumina shell further reduces the mass transport to the active sites within the composite.Catalyst deactivation in fluid catalytic cracking processes is unavoidably associated with structural changes. Here, the authors visualize the deactivation of zeolite catalysts by ptychography and other imaging techniques, showing pronounced amorphization of the outer layer of the catalyst particles.
► We combine 1st and 2nd order of sensitivity analysis applied to ESP-r through a case study. ► We implement Morris method and its extension to second order. ► We illustrate the potential offered by ...various outputs to improve the analyze. ► We propose solutions to differentiate non-linearity from higher order interaction.
Sensitivity analysis plays an important role in the understanding of complex models. It helps to identify the influence of input parameters in relation to the outputs. It can also be a tool to understand the behavior of the model and can then facilitate its development stage. This study aims to analyze and illustrate the potential usefulness of combining first and second-order sensitivity analysis, applied to a building energy model (ESP-r). Through the example of an apartment building, a sensitivity analysis is performed using the method of elementary effects (also known as the Morris method), including an analysis of the interactions between the input parameters (second-order analysis). The usefulness of higher-order analysis is highlighted to support the results of the first-order analysis better. Several aspects are tackled to implement the multi-order sensitivity analysis efficiently: interval size of the variables, the management of non-linearity and the usefulness of various outputs.
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